archie/tcl7.6/doc/file.n

'\"
'\" Copyright (c) 1993 The Regents of the University of California.
'\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
'\"
'\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution
'\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
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'\" SCCS: @(#) file.n 1.20 96/10/04 05:06:20
'\" 
.so man.macros
.TH file n 7.6 Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
.BS
'\" Note:  do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
.SH NAME
file \- Manipulate file names and attributes
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBfile \fIoption\fR \fIname\fR ?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
.BE

.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
This command provides several operations on a file's name or attributes.
\fIName\fR is the name of a file; if it starts with a tilde, then tilde
substitution is done before executing the command (see the manual entry for
\fBfilename\fR for details).  \fIOption\fR indicates what to do with the
file name.  Any unique abbreviation for \fIoption\fR is acceptable.  The
valid options are:
.TP
\fBfile atime \fIname\fR
.
Returns a decimal string giving the time at which file \fIname\fR
was last accessed.  The time is measured in the standard POSIX
fashion as seconds from a fixed starting time (often January 1, 1970).
If the file doesn't exist or its access time cannot be queried then an
error is generated.
.PP
\fBfile copy \fR?\fB\-force\fR? ?\fB\-\|\-\fR? \fIsource\fR \fItarget\fR
.br
\fBfile copy \fR?\fB\-force\fR? ?\fB\-\|\-\fR? \fIsource\fR ?\fIsource\fR ...? \fItargetDir\fR
.RS
The first form makes a copy of the file or directory \fIsource\fR under
the pathname \fItarget\fR.  If \fItarget\fR is an existing directory,
then the second form is used.  The second form makes a copy inside
\fItargetDir\fR of each \fIsource\fR file listed.  If a directory is
specified as a \fIsource\fR, then the contents of the directory will be
recursively copied into \fItargetDir\fR.  Existing files will not be
overwritten unless the \fB\-force\fR option is specified.  Trying to
overwrite a non-empty directory, overwrite a directory with a file, or a
file with a directory will all result in errors even if \fI\-force\fR was
specified.  Arguments are processed in the order specified, halting at the
first error, if any.  A \fB\-\|\-\fR marks the end of switches; the argument
following the \fB\-\|\-\fR will be treated as a \fIsource\fR even if it
starts with a \fB\-\fR.
.RE
.TP
\fBfile delete \fR?\fB\-force\fR? ?\fB\-\|\-\fR? \fIpathname\fR ?\fIpathname\fR ... ?
.
Removes the file or directory specified by each \fIpathname\fR argument.
Non-empty directories will be removed only if the \fB\-force\fR option is
specified.  Trying to delete a non-existant file is not considered an
error.  Trying to delete a read-only file will cause the file to be deleted,
even if the \fB\-force\fR flags is not specified.  Arguments are processed
in the order specified, halting at the first error, if any.  A \fB\-\|\-\fR
marks the end of switches; the argument following the \fB\-\|\-\fR will be
treated as a \fIpathname\fR even if it starts with a \fB\-\fR.
.TP
\fBfile dirname \fIname\fR
Returns a name comprised of all of the path components in \fIname\fR
excluding the last element.  If \fIname\fR is a relative file name and
only contains one path element, then returns ``\fB.\fR'' (or ``\fB:\fR''
on the Macintosh).  If \fIname\fR refers to a root directory, then the
root directory is returned.  For example,
.RS
.CS
\fBfile dirname c:/\fR
.CE
returns \fBc:/\fR. 
.PP
Note that tilde substitution will only be
performed if it is necessary to complete the command. For example,
.CS
\fBfile dirname ~/src/foo.c\fR
.CE
returns \fB~/src\fR, whereas
.CS
\fBfile dirname ~\fR
.CE
returns \fB/home\fR (or something similar).
.RE
.TP
\fBfile executable \fIname\fR
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR is executable by the current user,
\fB0\fR otherwise.  
.TP
\fBfile exists \fIname\fR
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR exists and the current user has
search privileges for the directories leading to it, \fB0\fR otherwise.
.TP
\fBfile extension \fIname\fR
.
Returns all of the characters in \fIname\fR after and including the last
dot in the last element of \fIname\fR.  If there is no dot in the last
element of \fIname\fR then returns the empty string.
.TP
\fBfile isdirectory \fIname\fR
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR is a directory, \fB0\fR otherwise.
.TP
\fBfile isfile \fIname\fR
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR is a regular file, \fB0\fR otherwise.
.TP
\fBfile join \fIname\fR ?\fIname ...\fR?
.
Takes one or more file names and combines them, using the correct path
separator for the current platform.  If a particular \fIname\fR is
relative, then it will be joined to the previous file name argument.
Otherwise, any earlier arguments will be discarded, and joining will
proceed from the current argument.  For example,
.RS
.CS
\fBfile join a b /foo bar\fR
.CE
returns \fB/foo/bar\fR.
.PP
Note that any of the names can contain separators, and that the result
is always canonical for the current platform: \fB/\fR for Unix and
Windows, and \fB:\fR for Macintosh.
.RE
.TP
\fBfile lstat \fIname varName\fR
.
Same as \fBstat\fR option (see below) except uses the \fIlstat\fR
kernel call instead of \fIstat\fR.  This means that if \fIname\fR
refers to a symbolic link the information returned in \fIvarName\fR
is for the link rather than the file it refers to.  On systems that
don't support symbolic links this option behaves exactly the same
as the \fBstat\fR option.
.TP
\fBfile mkdir \fIdir\fR ?\fIdir\fR ...?
.
Creates each directory specified.  For each pathname \fIdir\fR specified,
this command will create all non-existing parent directories as
well as \fIdir\fR itself.  If an existing directory is specified, then
no action is taken and no error is returned.  Trying to overwrite an existing
file with a directory will result in an error.  Arguments are processed in
the order specified, halting at the first error, if any.
.TP
\fBfile mtime \fIname\fR
.
Returns a decimal string giving the time at which file \fIname\fR was
last modified.  The time is measured in the standard POSIX fashion as
seconds from a fixed starting time (often January 1, 1970).  If the file
doesn't exist or its modified time cannot be queried then an error is
generated.
.TP
\fBfile owned \fIname\fR 
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR is owned by the current user, \fB0\fR
otherwise.
.TP
\fBfile pathtype \fIname\fR
.
Returns one of \fBabsolute\fR, \fBrelative\fR, \fBvolumerelative\fR.  If
\fIname\fR refers to a specific file on a specific volume, the path type
will be \fBabsolute\fR.  If \fIname\fR refers to a file relative to the
current working directory, then the path type will be \fBrelative\fR.  If
\fIname\fR refers to a file relative to the current working directory on
a specified volume, or to a specific file on the current working volume, then
the file type is \fBvolumerelative\fR.
.TP
\fBfile readable \fIname\fR
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR is readable by the current user,
\fB0\fR otherwise. 
.TP
\fBfile readlink \fIname\fR
.
Returns the value of the symbolic link given by \fIname\fR (i.e. the name
of the file it points to).  If \fIname\fR isn't a symbolic link or its
value cannot be read, then an error is returned.  On systems that don't
support symbolic links this option is undefined.
.PP
\fBfile rename \fR?\fB\-force\fR? ?\fB\-\|\-\fR? \fIsource\fR \fItarget\fR
.br
\fBfile rename \fR?\fB\-force\fR? ?\fB\-\|\-\fR? \fIsource\fR ?\fIsource\fR ...? \fItargetDir\fR
.RS
The first form takes the file or directory specified by pathname
\fIsource\fR and renames it to \fItarget\fR, moving the file if the
pathname \fItarget\fR specifies a name in a different directory.  If
\fItarget\fR is an existing directory, then the second form is used.  The
second form moves each \fIsource\fR file or directory into the directory
\fItargetDir\fR.  Existing files will not be overwritten unless the
\fB\-force\fR option is specified.  Trying to overwrite a non-empty
directory, overwrite a directory with a file, or a file with a directory
will all result in errors.  Arguments are processed in the order specified,
halting at the first error, if any.  A \fB\-\|\-\fR marks the end of
switches; the argument following the \fB\-\|\-\fR will be treated as a
\fIsource\fR even if it starts with a \fB\-\fR.
.RE
.TP
\fBfile rootname \fIname\fR
.
Returns all of the characters in \fIname\fR up to but not including the
last ``.'' character in the last component of name.  If the last
component of \fIname\fR doesn't contain a dot, then returns \fIname\fR.
.TP
\fBfile size \fIname\fR
.
Returns a decimal string giving the size of file \fIname\fR in bytes.  If
the file doesn't exist or its size cannot be queried then an error is
generated.
.TP
\fBfile split \fIname\fR
.
Returns a list whose elements are the path components in \fIname\fR.  The
first element of the list will have the same path type as \fIname\fR.
All other elements will be relative.  Path separators will be discarded
unless they are needed ensure that an element is unambiguously relative.
For example, under Unix
.RS
.CS
\fBfile split /foo/~bar/baz\fR
.CE
returns \fB/\0\0foo\0\0./~bar\0\0baz\fR to ensure that later commands
that use the third component do not attempt to perform tilde
substitution.
.RE
.TP
\fBfile stat  \fIname varName\fR
.
Invokes the \fBstat\fR kernel call on \fIname\fR, and uses the variable
given by \fIvarName\fR to hold information returned from the kernel call.
\fIVarName\fR is treated as an array variable, and the following elements
of that variable are set: \fBatime\fR, \fBctime\fR, \fBdev\fR, \fBgid\fR,
\fBino\fR, \fBmode\fR, \fBmtime\fR, \fBnlink\fR, \fBsize\fR, \fBtype\fR,
\fBuid\fR.  Each element except \fBtype\fR is a decimal string with the
value of the corresponding field from the \fBstat\fR return structure;
see the manual entry for \fBstat\fR for details on the meanings of the
values.  The \fBtype\fR element gives the type of the file in the same
form returned by the command \fBfile type\fR.  This command returns an
empty string.
.TP
\fBfile tail \fIname\fR
.
Returns all of the characters in \fIname\fR after the last directory
separator.  If \fIname\fR contains no separators then returns
\fIname\fR.
.TP
\fBfile type \fIname\fR
.
Returns a string giving the type of file \fIname\fR, which will be one of
\fBfile\fR, \fBdirectory\fR, \fBcharacterSpecial\fR, \fBblockSpecial\fR,
\fBfifo\fR, \fBlink\fR, or \fBsocket\fR.
.TP
\fBfile writable \fIname\fR
.
Returns \fB1\fR if file \fIname\fR is writable by the current user,
\fB0\fR otherwise.
.SH "PORTABILITY ISSUES"
.TP
\fBUnix\fR\0\0\0\0\0\0\0
.
These commands always operate using the real user and group identifiers,
not the effective ones. 

.SH "SEE ALSO"
filename

.SH KEYWORDS
attributes, copy files, delete files, directory, file, move files, name, rename files, stat