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Import Upstream version 2.7.18

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geos_one
2025-08-15 16:28:06 +02:00
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216
Lib/ctypes/test/__init__.py Normal file
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import os, sys, unittest, getopt, time
use_resources = []
import ctypes
ctypes_symbols = dir(ctypes)
def need_symbol(name):
return unittest.skipUnless(name in ctypes_symbols,
'{!r} is required'.format(name))
class ResourceDenied(unittest.SkipTest):
"""Test skipped because it requested a disallowed resource.
This is raised when a test calls requires() for a resource that
has not be enabled. Resources are defined by test modules.
"""
def is_resource_enabled(resource):
"""Test whether a resource is enabled.
If the caller's module is __main__ then automatically return True."""
if sys._getframe().f_back.f_globals.get("__name__") == "__main__":
return True
result = use_resources is not None and \
(resource in use_resources or "*" in use_resources)
if not result:
_unavail[resource] = None
return result
_unavail = {}
def requires(resource, msg=None):
"""Raise ResourceDenied if the specified resource is not available.
If the caller's module is __main__ then automatically return True."""
# see if the caller's module is __main__ - if so, treat as if
# the resource was set
if sys._getframe().f_back.f_globals.get("__name__") == "__main__":
return
if not is_resource_enabled(resource):
if msg is None:
msg = "Use of the `%s' resource not enabled" % resource
raise ResourceDenied(msg)
def find_package_modules(package, mask):
import fnmatch
if (hasattr(package, "__loader__") and
hasattr(package.__loader__, '_files')):
path = package.__name__.replace(".", os.path.sep)
mask = os.path.join(path, mask)
for fnm in package.__loader__._files.iterkeys():
if fnmatch.fnmatchcase(fnm, mask):
yield os.path.splitext(fnm)[0].replace(os.path.sep, ".")
else:
path = package.__path__[0]
for fnm in os.listdir(path):
if fnmatch.fnmatchcase(fnm, mask):
yield "%s.%s" % (package.__name__, os.path.splitext(fnm)[0])
def get_tests(package, mask, verbosity, exclude=()):
"""Return a list of skipped test modules, and a list of test cases."""
tests = []
skipped = []
for modname in find_package_modules(package, mask):
if modname.split(".")[-1] in exclude:
skipped.append(modname)
if verbosity > 1:
print >> sys.stderr, "Skipped %s: excluded" % modname
continue
try:
mod = __import__(modname, globals(), locals(), ['*'])
except (ResourceDenied, unittest.SkipTest) as detail:
skipped.append(modname)
if verbosity > 1:
print >> sys.stderr, "Skipped %s: %s" % (modname, detail)
continue
for name in dir(mod):
if name.startswith("_"):
continue
o = getattr(mod, name)
if type(o) is type(unittest.TestCase) and issubclass(o, unittest.TestCase):
tests.append(o)
return skipped, tests
def usage():
print __doc__
return 1
def test_with_refcounts(runner, verbosity, testcase):
"""Run testcase several times, tracking reference counts."""
import gc
import ctypes
ptc = ctypes._pointer_type_cache.copy()
cfc = ctypes._c_functype_cache.copy()
wfc = ctypes._win_functype_cache.copy()
# when searching for refcount leaks, we have to manually reset any
# caches that ctypes has.
def cleanup():
ctypes._pointer_type_cache = ptc.copy()
ctypes._c_functype_cache = cfc.copy()
ctypes._win_functype_cache = wfc.copy()
gc.collect()
test = unittest.makeSuite(testcase)
for i in range(5):
rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
runner.run(test)
cleanup()
COUNT = 5
refcounts = [None] * COUNT
for i in range(COUNT):
rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
runner.run(test)
cleanup()
refcounts[i] = sys.gettotalrefcount() - rc
if filter(None, refcounts):
print "%s leaks:\n\t" % testcase, refcounts
elif verbosity:
print "%s: ok." % testcase
class TestRunner(unittest.TextTestRunner):
def run(self, test, skipped):
"Run the given test case or test suite."
# Same as unittest.TextTestRunner.run, except that it reports
# skipped tests.
result = self._makeResult()
startTime = time.time()
test(result)
stopTime = time.time()
timeTaken = stopTime - startTime
result.printErrors()
self.stream.writeln(result.separator2)
run = result.testsRun
if _unavail: #skipped:
requested = _unavail.keys()
requested.sort()
self.stream.writeln("Ran %d test%s in %.3fs (%s module%s skipped)" %
(run, run != 1 and "s" or "", timeTaken,
len(skipped),
len(skipped) != 1 and "s" or ""))
self.stream.writeln("Unavailable resources: %s" % ", ".join(requested))
else:
self.stream.writeln("Ran %d test%s in %.3fs" %
(run, run != 1 and "s" or "", timeTaken))
self.stream.writeln()
if not result.wasSuccessful():
self.stream.write("FAILED (")
failed, errored = map(len, (result.failures, result.errors))
if failed:
self.stream.write("failures=%d" % failed)
if errored:
if failed: self.stream.write(", ")
self.stream.write("errors=%d" % errored)
self.stream.writeln(")")
else:
self.stream.writeln("OK")
return result
def main(*packages):
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "rqvu:x:")
except getopt.error:
return usage()
verbosity = 1
search_leaks = False
exclude = []
for flag, value in opts:
if flag == "-q":
verbosity -= 1
elif flag == "-v":
verbosity += 1
elif flag == "-r":
try:
sys.gettotalrefcount
except AttributeError:
print >> sys.stderr, "-r flag requires Python debug build"
return -1
search_leaks = True
elif flag == "-u":
use_resources.extend(value.split(","))
elif flag == "-x":
exclude.extend(value.split(","))
mask = "test_*.py"
if args:
mask = args[0]
for package in packages:
run_tests(package, mask, verbosity, search_leaks, exclude)
def run_tests(package, mask, verbosity, search_leaks, exclude):
skipped, testcases = get_tests(package, mask, verbosity, exclude)
runner = TestRunner(verbosity=verbosity)
suites = [unittest.makeSuite(o) for o in testcases]
suite = unittest.TestSuite(suites)
result = runner.run(suite, skipped)
if search_leaks:
# hunt for refcount leaks
runner = BasicTestRunner()
for t in testcases:
test_with_refcounts(runner, verbosity, t)
return bool(result.errors)
class BasicTestRunner:
def run(self, test):
result = unittest.TestResult()
test(result)
return result

19
Lib/ctypes/test/runtests.py Normal file
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"""Usage: runtests.py [-q] [-r] [-v] [-u resources] [mask]
Run all tests found in this directory, and print a summary of the results.
Command line flags:
-q quiet mode: don't print anything while the tests are running
-r run tests repeatedly, look for refcount leaks
-u<resources>
Add resources to the lits of allowed resources. '*' allows all
resources.
-v verbose mode: print the test currently executed
-x<test1[,test2...]>
Exclude specified tests.
mask mask to select filenames containing testcases, wildcards allowed
"""
import sys
import ctypes.test
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(ctypes.test.main(ctypes.test))

73
Lib/ctypes/test/test_anon.py Normal file
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import unittest
from test.support import cpython_only
from ctypes import *
class AnonTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_anon(self):
class ANON(Union):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int)]
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("_", ANON),
("y", c_int)]
_anonymous_ = ["_"]
self.assertEqual(Y.a.offset, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(Y.b.offset, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(ANON.a.offset, 0)
self.assertEqual(ANON.b.offset, 0)
def test_anon_nonseq(self):
# TypeError: _anonymous_ must be a sequence
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
lambda: type(Structure)("Name",
(Structure,),
{"_fields_": [], "_anonymous_": 42}))
def test_anon_nonmember(self):
# AttributeError: type object 'Name' has no attribute 'x'
self.assertRaises(AttributeError,
lambda: type(Structure)("Name",
(Structure,),
{"_fields_": [],
"_anonymous_": ["x"]}))
@cpython_only
def test_issue31490(self):
# There shouldn't be an assertion failure in case the class has an
# attribute whose name is specified in _anonymous_ but not in _fields_.
# AttributeError: 'x' is specified in _anonymous_ but not in _fields_
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
class Name(Structure):
_fields_ = []
_anonymous_ = ["x"]
x = 42
def test_nested(self):
class ANON_S(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
class ANON_U(Union):
_fields_ = [("_", ANON_S),
("b", c_int)]
_anonymous_ = ["_"]
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("_", ANON_U),
("y", c_int)]
_anonymous_ = ["_"]
self.assertEqual(Y.x.offset, 0)
self.assertEqual(Y.a.offset, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(Y.b.offset, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(Y._.offset, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(Y.y.offset, sizeof(c_int) * 2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

64
Lib/ctypes/test/test_array_in_pointer.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
from binascii import hexlify
import re
def dump(obj):
# helper function to dump memory contents in hex, with a hyphen
# between the bytes.
h = hexlify(memoryview(obj))
return re.sub(r"(..)", r"\1-", h)[:-1]
class Value(Structure):
_fields_ = [("val", c_byte)]
class Container(Structure):
_fields_ = [("pvalues", POINTER(Value))]
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
# create an array of 4 values
val_array = (Value * 4)()
# create a container, which holds a pointer to the pvalues array.
c = Container()
c.pvalues = val_array
# memory contains 4 NUL bytes now, that's correct
self.assertEqual("00-00-00-00", dump(val_array))
# set the values of the array through the pointer:
for i in range(4):
c.pvalues[i].val = i + 1
values = [c.pvalues[i].val for i in range(4)]
# These are the expected results: here s the bug!
self.assertEqual(
(values, dump(val_array)),
([1, 2, 3, 4], "01-02-03-04")
)
def test_2(self):
val_array = (Value * 4)()
# memory contains 4 NUL bytes now, that's correct
self.assertEqual("00-00-00-00", dump(val_array))
ptr = cast(val_array, POINTER(Value))
# set the values of the array through the pointer:
for i in range(4):
ptr[i].val = i + 1
values = [ptr[i].val for i in range(4)]
# These are the expected results: here s the bug!
self.assertEqual(
(values, dump(val_array)),
([1, 2, 3, 4], "01-02-03-04")
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

164
Lib/ctypes/test/test_arrays.py Normal file
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import unittest
from test.support import precisionbigmemtest, _2G
import sys
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
formats = "bBhHiIlLqQfd"
formats = c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint, \
c_long, c_ulonglong, c_float, c_double, c_longdouble
class ArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_simple(self):
# create classes holding simple numeric types, and check
# various properties.
init = range(15, 25)
for fmt in formats:
alen = len(init)
int_array = ARRAY(fmt, alen)
ia = int_array(*init)
# length of instance ok?
self.assertEqual(len(ia), alen)
# slot values ok?
values = [ia[i] for i in range(alen)]
self.assertEqual(values, init)
# out-of-bounds accesses should be caught
with self.assertRaises(IndexError): ia[alen]
with self.assertRaises(IndexError): ia[-alen-1]
# change the items
from operator import setitem
new_values = range(42, 42+alen)
[setitem(ia, n, new_values[n]) for n in range(alen)]
values = [ia[i] for i in range(alen)]
self.assertEqual(values, new_values)
# are the items initialized to 0?
ia = int_array()
values = [ia[i] for i in range(alen)]
self.assertEqual(values, [0] * alen)
# Too many initializers should be caught
self.assertRaises(IndexError, int_array, *range(alen*2))
CharArray = ARRAY(c_char, 3)
ca = CharArray("a", "b", "c")
# Should this work? It doesn't:
# CharArray("abc")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, CharArray, "abc")
self.assertEqual(ca[0], "a")
self.assertEqual(ca[1], "b")
self.assertEqual(ca[2], "c")
self.assertEqual(ca[-3], "a")
self.assertEqual(ca[-2], "b")
self.assertEqual(ca[-1], "c")
self.assertEqual(len(ca), 3)
# slicing is now supported, but not extended slicing (3-argument)!
from operator import getslice, delitem
self.assertRaises(TypeError, getslice, ca, 0, 1, -1)
# cannot delete items
self.assertRaises(TypeError, delitem, ca, 0)
def test_numeric_arrays(self):
alen = 5
numarray = ARRAY(c_int, alen)
na = numarray()
values = [na[i] for i in range(alen)]
self.assertEqual(values, [0] * alen)
na = numarray(*[c_int()] * alen)
values = [na[i] for i in range(alen)]
self.assertEqual(values, [0]*alen)
na = numarray(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
values = [i for i in na]
self.assertEqual(values, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
na = numarray(*map(c_int, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)))
values = [i for i in na]
self.assertEqual(values, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
def test_classcache(self):
self.assertIsNot(ARRAY(c_int, 3), ARRAY(c_int, 4))
self.assertIs(ARRAY(c_int, 3), ARRAY(c_int, 3))
def test_from_address(self):
# Failed with 0.9.8, reported by JUrner
p = create_string_buffer("foo")
sz = (c_char * 3).from_address(addressof(p))
self.assertEqual(sz[:], "foo")
self.assertEqual(sz[::], "foo")
self.assertEqual(sz[::-1], "oof")
self.assertEqual(sz[::3], "f")
self.assertEqual(sz[1:4:2], "o")
self.assertEqual(sz.value, "foo")
@need_symbol('create_unicode_buffer')
def test_from_addressW(self):
p = create_unicode_buffer("foo")
sz = (c_wchar * 3).from_address(addressof(p))
self.assertEqual(sz[:], "foo")
self.assertEqual(sz[::], "foo")
self.assertEqual(sz[::-1], "oof")
self.assertEqual(sz[::3], "f")
self.assertEqual(sz[1:4:2], "o")
self.assertEqual(sz.value, "foo")
def test_cache(self):
# Array types are cached internally in the _ctypes extension,
# in a WeakValueDictionary. Make sure the array type is
# removed from the cache when the itemtype goes away. This
# test will not fail, but will show a leak in the testsuite.
# Create a new type:
class my_int(c_int):
pass
# Create a new array type based on it:
t1 = my_int * 1
t2 = my_int * 1
self.assertIs(t1, t2)
def test_empty_element_struct(self):
class EmptyStruct(Structure):
_fields_ = []
obj = (EmptyStruct * 2)() # bpo37188: Floating point exception
self.assertEqual(sizeof(obj), 0)
def test_empty_element_array(self):
class EmptyArray(Array):
_type_ = c_int
_length_ = 0
obj = (EmptyArray * 2)() # bpo37188: Floating point exception
self.assertEqual(sizeof(obj), 0)
def test_bpo36504_signed_int_overflow(self):
# The overflow check in PyCArrayType_new() could cause signed integer
# overflow.
with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
c_char * sys.maxsize * 2
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.maxsize > 2**32, 'requires 64bit platform')
@precisionbigmemtest(size=_2G, memuse=1, dry_run=False)
def test_large_array(self, size):
a = c_char * size
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

226
Lib/ctypes/test/test_as_parameter.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import _ctypes_test
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
try:
CALLBACK_FUNCTYPE = WINFUNCTYPE
except NameError:
# fake to enable this test on Linux
CALLBACK_FUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
class BasicWrapTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def wrap(self, param):
return param
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_wchar_parm(self):
f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_wchar, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
result = f(self.wrap(1), self.wrap(u"x"), self.wrap(3), self.wrap(4), self.wrap(5.0), self.wrap(6.0))
self.assertEqual(result, 139)
self.assertIs(type(result), int)
def test_pointers(self):
f = dll._testfunc_p_p
f.restype = POINTER(c_int)
f.argtypes = [POINTER(c_int)]
# This only works if the value c_int(42) passed to the
# function is still alive while the pointer (the result) is
# used.
v = c_int(42)
self.assertEqual(pointer(v).contents.value, 42)
result = f(self.wrap(pointer(v)))
self.assertEqual(type(result), POINTER(c_int))
self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 42)
# This on works...
result = f(self.wrap(pointer(v)))
self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, v.value)
p = pointer(c_int(99))
result = f(self.wrap(p))
self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 99)
def test_shorts(self):
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
args = []
expected = [262144, 131072, 65536, 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096, 2048,
1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
def callback(v):
args.append(v)
return v
CallBack = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
cb = CallBack(callback)
f(self.wrap(2**18), self.wrap(cb))
self.assertEqual(args, expected)
################################################################
def test_callbacks(self):
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
f.restype = c_int
f.argtypes = None
MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
def callback(value):
#print "called back with", value
return value
cb = MyCallback(callback)
result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
# test with prototype
f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
cb = MyCallback(callback)
result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
AnotherCallback = CALLBACK_FUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
# check that the prototype works: we call f with wrong
# argument types
cb = AnotherCallback(callback)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
def test_callbacks_2(self):
# Can also use simple datatypes as argument type specifiers
# for the callback function.
# In this case the call receives an instance of that type
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
f.restype = c_int
MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
def callback(value):
#print "called back with", value
self.assertEqual(type(value), int)
return value
cb = MyCallback(callback)
result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
def test_longlong_callbacks(self):
f = dll._testfunc_callback_q_qf
f.restype = c_longlong
MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_longlong, c_longlong)
f.argtypes = [c_longlong, MyCallback]
def callback(value):
self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
return value & 0x7FFFFFFF
cb = MyCallback(callback)
self.assertEqual(13577625587, int(f(self.wrap(1000000000000), self.wrap(cb))))
def test_byval(self):
# without prototype
ptin = POINT(1, 2)
ptout = POINT()
# EXPORT int _testfunc_byval(point in, point *pout)
result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
expected = 3, 1, 2
self.assertEqual(got, expected)
# with prototype
ptin = POINT(101, 102)
ptout = POINT()
dll._testfunc_byval.argtypes = (POINT, POINTER(POINT))
dll._testfunc_byval.restype = c_int
result = dll._testfunc_byval(self.wrap(ptin), byref(ptout))
got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
expected = 203, 101, 102
self.assertEqual(got, expected)
def test_struct_return_2H(self):
class S2H(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_short),
("y", c_short)]
dll.ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
dll.ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
inp = S2H(99, 88)
s2h = dll.ret_2h_func(self.wrap(inp))
self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
def test_struct_return_8H(self):
class S8I(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int),
("c", c_int),
("d", c_int),
("e", c_int),
("f", c_int),
("g", c_int),
("h", c_int)]
dll.ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
dll.ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
s8i = dll.ret_8i_func(self.wrap(inp))
self.assertEqual((s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
(9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
def test_recursive_as_param(self):
from ctypes import c_int
class A(object):
pass
a = A()
a._as_parameter_ = a
with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
c_int.from_param(a)
#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
class AsParamWrapper(object):
def __init__(self, param):
self._as_parameter_ = param
class AsParamWrapperTestCase(BasicWrapTestCase):
wrap = AsParamWrapper
#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
class AsParamPropertyWrapper(object):
def __init__(self, param):
self._param = param
def getParameter(self):
return self._param
_as_parameter_ = property(getParameter)
class AsParamPropertyWrapperTestCase(BasicWrapTestCase):
wrap = AsParamPropertyWrapper
#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_bitfields.py Normal file
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from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import unittest
import os
import ctypes
import _ctypes_test
class BITS(Structure):
_fields_ = [("A", c_int, 1),
("B", c_int, 2),
("C", c_int, 3),
("D", c_int, 4),
("E", c_int, 5),
("F", c_int, 6),
("G", c_int, 7),
("H", c_int, 8),
("I", c_int, 9),
("M", c_short, 1),
("N", c_short, 2),
("O", c_short, 3),
("P", c_short, 4),
("Q", c_short, 5),
("R", c_short, 6),
("S", c_short, 7)]
func = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__).unpack_bitfields
func.argtypes = POINTER(BITS), c_char
##for n in "ABCDEFGHIMNOPQRS":
## print n, hex(getattr(BITS, n).size), getattr(BITS, n).offset
class C_Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_ints(self):
for i in range(512):
for name in "ABCDEFGHI":
b = BITS()
setattr(b, name, i)
self.assertEqual((name, i, getattr(b, name)), (name, i, func(byref(b), name)))
def test_shorts(self):
for i in range(256):
for name in "MNOPQRS":
b = BITS()
setattr(b, name, i)
self.assertEqual((name, i, getattr(b, name)), (name, i, func(byref(b), name)))
signed_int_types = (c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong)
unsigned_int_types = (c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong)
int_types = unsigned_int_types + signed_int_types
class BitFieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_longlong(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_longlong, 1),
("b", c_longlong, 62),
("c", c_longlong, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_longlong))
x = X()
x.a, x.b, x.c = -1, 7, -1
self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (-1, 7, -1))
def test_ulonglong(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_ulonglong, 1),
("b", c_ulonglong, 62),
("c", c_ulonglong, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_longlong))
x = X()
self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (0, 0, 0))
x.a, x.b, x.c = 7, 7, 7
self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (1, 7, 1))
def test_signed(self):
for c_typ in signed_int_types:
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("dummy", c_typ),
("a", c_typ, 3),
("b", c_typ, 3),
("c", c_typ, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ)*2)
x = X()
self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 0, 0))
x.a = -1
self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, -1, 0, 0))
x.a, x.b = 0, -1
self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, -1, 0))
def test_unsigned(self):
for c_typ in unsigned_int_types:
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_typ, 3),
("b", c_typ, 3),
("c", c_typ, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
x = X()
self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 0, 0))
x.a = -1
self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 7, 0, 0))
x.a, x.b = 0, -1
self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 7, 0))
def fail_fields(self, *fields):
return self.get_except(type(Structure), "X", (),
{"_fields_": fields})
def test_nonint_types(self):
# bit fields are not allowed on non-integer types.
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_char_p, 1))
self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_char_p'))
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_void_p, 1))
self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_void_p'))
if c_int != c_long:
result = self.fail_fields(("a", POINTER(c_int), 1))
self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type LP_c_int'))
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_char, 1))
self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_char'))
class Dummy(Structure):
_fields_ = []
result = self.fail_fields(("a", Dummy, 1))
self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type Dummy'))
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_c_wchar(self):
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_wchar, 1))
self.assertEqual(result,
(TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_wchar'))
def test_single_bitfield_size(self):
for c_typ in int_types:
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, -1))
self.assertEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, 0))
self.assertEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_typ, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_typ, sizeof(c_typ)*8)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, sizeof(c_typ)*8 + 1))
self.assertEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
def test_multi_bitfields_size(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_short, 1),
("b", c_short, 14),
("c", c_short, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short))
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_short, 1),
("a1", c_short),
("b", c_short, 14),
("c", c_short, 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short)*3)
self.assertEqual(X.a.offset, 0)
self.assertEqual(X.a1.offset, sizeof(c_short))
self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
self.assertEqual(X.c.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_short, 3),
("b", c_short, 14),
("c", c_short, 14)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short)*3)
self.assertEqual(X.a.offset, sizeof(c_short)*0)
self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, sizeof(c_short)*1)
self.assertEqual(X.c.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
def get_except(self, func, *args, **kw):
try:
func(*args, **kw)
except Exception, detail:
return detail.__class__, str(detail)
def test_mixed_1(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
("b", c_int, 4)]
if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int)*2)
else:
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
def test_mixed_2(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
("b", c_int, 32)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), alignment(c_int)+sizeof(c_int))
def test_mixed_3(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
("b", c_ubyte, 4)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_byte))
def test_mixed_4(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_short, 4),
("b", c_short, 4),
("c", c_int, 24),
("d", c_short, 4),
("e", c_short, 4),
("f", c_int, 24)]
# MSVC does NOT combine c_short and c_int into one field, GCC
# does (unless GCC is run with '-mms-bitfields' which
# produces code compatible with MSVC).
if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int) * 4)
else:
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int) * 2)
def test_anon_bitfields(self):
# anonymous bit-fields gave a strange error message
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
("b", c_ubyte, 4)]
class Y(Structure):
_anonymous_ = ["_"]
_fields_ = [("_", X)]
@need_symbol('c_uint32')
def test_uint32(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_uint32, 32)]
x = X()
x.a = 10
self.assertEqual(x.a, 10)
x.a = 0xFDCBA987
self.assertEqual(x.a, 0xFDCBA987)
@need_symbol('c_uint64')
def test_uint64(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_uint64, 64)]
x = X()
x.a = 10
self.assertEqual(x.a, 10)
x.a = 0xFEDCBA9876543211
self.assertEqual(x.a, 0xFEDCBA9876543211)
@need_symbol('c_uint32')
def test_uint32_swap_little_endian(self):
# Issue #23319
class Little(LittleEndianStructure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_uint32, 24),
("b", c_uint32, 4),
("c", c_uint32, 4)]
b = bytearray(4)
x = Little.from_buffer(b)
x.a = 0xabcdef
x.b = 1
x.c = 2
self.assertEqual(b, b'\xef\xcd\xab\x21')
@need_symbol('c_uint32')
def test_uint32_swap_big_endian(self):
# Issue #23319
class Big(BigEndianStructure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_uint32, 24),
("b", c_uint32, 4),
("c", c_uint32, 4)]
b = bytearray(4)
x = Big.from_buffer(b)
x.a = 0xabcdef
x.b = 1
x.c = 2
self.assertEqual(b, b'\xab\xcd\xef\x12')
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

72
Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py Normal file
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from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import unittest
class StringBufferTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_buffer(self):
b = create_string_buffer(32)
self.assertEqual(len(b), 32)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 32 * sizeof(c_char))
self.assertIs(type(b[0]), str)
b = create_string_buffer("abc")
self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_char))
self.assertIs(type(b[0]), str)
self.assertEqual(b[0], "a")
self.assertEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::-1], "\0cba")
self.assertEqual(b[::2], "ac")
self.assertEqual(b[::5], "a")
def test_buffer_interface(self):
self.assertEqual(len(bytearray(create_string_buffer(0))), 0)
self.assertEqual(len(bytearray(create_string_buffer(1))), 1)
def test_string_conversion(self):
b = create_string_buffer(u"abc")
self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_char))
self.assertTrue(type(b[0]) is str)
self.assertEqual(b[0], "a")
self.assertEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::-1], "\0cba")
self.assertEqual(b[::2], "ac")
self.assertEqual(b[::5], "a")
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_unicode_buffer(self):
b = create_unicode_buffer(32)
self.assertEqual(len(b), 32)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 32 * sizeof(c_wchar))
self.assertIs(type(b[0]), unicode)
b = create_unicode_buffer(u"abc")
self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_wchar))
self.assertIs(type(b[0]), unicode)
self.assertEqual(b[0], u"a")
self.assertEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::-1], "\0cba")
self.assertEqual(b[::2], "ac")
self.assertEqual(b[::5], "a")
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_unicode_conversion(self):
b = create_unicode_buffer("abc")
self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_wchar))
self.assertIs(type(b[0]), unicode)
self.assertEqual(b[0], u"a")
self.assertEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::], "abc\0")
self.assertEqual(b[::-1], "\0cba")
self.assertEqual(b[::2], "ac")
self.assertEqual(b[::5], "a")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

295
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import sys, unittest, struct, math, ctypes
from binascii import hexlify
from ctypes import *
def bin(s):
return hexlify(memoryview(s)).upper()
# Each *simple* type that supports different byte orders has an
# __ctype_be__ attribute that specifies the same type in BIG ENDIAN
# byte order, and a __ctype_le__ attribute that is the same type in
# LITTLE ENDIAN byte order.
#
# For Structures and Unions, these types are created on demand.
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_X(self):
print >> sys.stderr, sys.byteorder
for i in range(32):
bits = BITS()
setattr(bits, "i%s" % i, 1)
dump(bits)
def test_endian_short(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_le__, c_short)
self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_short)
else:
self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_be__, c_short)
self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_short)
s = c_short.__ctype_be__(0x1234)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">h", 0x1234)), "1234")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
s = c_short.__ctype_le__(0x1234)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<h", 0x1234)), "3412")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "3412")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
s = c_ushort.__ctype_be__(0x1234)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">h", 0x1234)), "1234")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
s = c_ushort.__ctype_le__(0x1234)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<h", 0x1234)), "3412")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "3412")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
def test_endian_int(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_le__, c_int)
self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_int)
else:
self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_be__, c_int)
self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_int)
s = c_int.__ctype_be__(0x12345678)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">i", 0x12345678)), "12345678")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "12345678")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
s = c_int.__ctype_le__(0x12345678)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<i", 0x12345678)), "78563412")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "78563412")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
s = c_uint.__ctype_be__(0x12345678)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">I", 0x12345678)), "12345678")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "12345678")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
s = c_uint.__ctype_le__(0x12345678)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<I", 0x12345678)), "78563412")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "78563412")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
def test_endian_longlong(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_le__, c_longlong)
self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_longlong)
else:
self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_be__, c_longlong)
self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_longlong)
s = c_longlong.__ctype_be__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "1234567890ABCDEF")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234567890ABCDEF")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
s = c_longlong.__ctype_le__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "EFCDAB9078563412")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "EFCDAB9078563412")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
s = c_ulonglong.__ctype_be__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">Q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "1234567890ABCDEF")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234567890ABCDEF")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
s = c_ulonglong.__ctype_le__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<Q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "EFCDAB9078563412")
self.assertEqual(bin(s), "EFCDAB9078563412")
self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
def test_endian_float(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_le__, c_float)
self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_float)
else:
self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_be__, c_float)
self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_float)
s = c_float(math.pi)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("f", math.pi)), bin(s))
# Hm, what's the precision of a float compared to a double?
self.assertAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, 6)
s = c_float.__ctype_le__(math.pi)
self.assertAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, 6)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<f", math.pi)), bin(s))
s = c_float.__ctype_be__(math.pi)
self.assertAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, 6)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">f", math.pi)), bin(s))
def test_endian_double(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_le__, c_double)
self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_double)
else:
self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_be__, c_double)
self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_double)
s = c_double(math.pi)
self.assertEqual(s.value, math.pi)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("d", math.pi)), bin(s))
s = c_double.__ctype_le__(math.pi)
self.assertEqual(s.value, math.pi)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<d", math.pi)), bin(s))
s = c_double.__ctype_be__(math.pi)
self.assertEqual(s.value, math.pi)
self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">d", math.pi)), bin(s))
def test_endian_other(self):
self.assertIs(c_byte.__ctype_le__, c_byte)
self.assertIs(c_byte.__ctype_be__, c_byte)
self.assertIs(c_ubyte.__ctype_le__, c_ubyte)
self.assertIs(c_ubyte.__ctype_be__, c_ubyte)
self.assertIs(c_char.__ctype_le__, c_char)
self.assertIs(c_char.__ctype_be__, c_char)
def test_struct_fields_1(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
base = BigEndianStructure
else:
base = LittleEndianStructure
class T(base):
pass
_fields_ = [("a", c_ubyte),
("b", c_byte),
("c", c_short),
("d", c_ushort),
("e", c_int),
("f", c_uint),
("g", c_long),
("h", c_ulong),
("i", c_longlong),
("k", c_ulonglong),
("l", c_float),
("m", c_double),
("n", c_char),
("b1", c_byte, 3),
("b2", c_byte, 3),
("b3", c_byte, 2),
("a", c_int * 3 * 3 * 3)]
T._fields_ = _fields_
# these fields do not support different byte order:
for typ in c_wchar, c_void_p, POINTER(c_int):
_fields_.append(("x", typ))
class T(base):
pass
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, T, "_fields_", [("x", typ)])
def test_struct_struct(self):
# nested structures with different byteorders
# create nested structures with given byteorders and set memory to data
for nested, data in (
(BigEndianStructure, b'\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\2'),
(LittleEndianStructure, b'\1\0\0\0\2\0\0\0'),
):
for parent in (
BigEndianStructure,
LittleEndianStructure,
Structure,
):
class NestedStructure(nested):
_fields_ = [("x", c_uint32),
("y", c_uint32)]
class TestStructure(parent):
_fields_ = [("point", NestedStructure)]
self.assertEqual(len(data), sizeof(TestStructure))
ptr = POINTER(TestStructure)
s = cast(data, ptr)[0]
del ctypes._pointer_type_cache[TestStructure]
self.assertEqual(s.point.x, 1)
self.assertEqual(s.point.y, 2)
def test_struct_fields_2(self):
# standard packing in struct uses no alignment.
# So, we have to align using pad bytes.
#
# Unaligned accesses will crash Python (on those platforms that
# don't allow it, like sparc solaris).
if sys.byteorder == "little":
base = BigEndianStructure
fmt = ">bxhid"
else:
base = LittleEndianStructure
fmt = "<bxhid"
class S(base):
_fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
("h", c_short),
("i", c_int),
("d", c_double)]
s1 = S(0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
self.assertEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
def test_unaligned_nonnative_struct_fields(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
base = BigEndianStructure
fmt = ">b h xi xd"
else:
base = LittleEndianStructure
fmt = "<b h xi xd"
class S(base):
_pack_ = 1
_fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
("h", c_short),
("_1", c_byte),
("i", c_int),
("_2", c_byte),
("d", c_double)]
s1 = S()
s1.b = 0x12
s1.h = 0x1234
s1.i = 0x12345678
s1.d = 3.14
s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
self.assertEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
def test_unaligned_native_struct_fields(self):
if sys.byteorder == "little":
fmt = "<b h xi xd"
else:
base = LittleEndianStructure
fmt = ">b h xi xd"
class S(Structure):
_pack_ = 1
_fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
("h", c_short),
("_1", c_byte),
("i", c_int),
("_2", c_byte),
("d", c_double)]
s1 = S()
s1.b = 0x12
s1.h = 0x1234
s1.i = 0x12345678
s1.d = 3.14
s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
self.assertEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import functools
import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import _ctypes_test
class Callbacks(unittest.TestCase):
functype = CFUNCTYPE
## def tearDown(self):
## import gc
## gc.collect()
def callback(self, *args):
self.got_args = args
return args[-1]
def check_type(self, typ, arg):
PROTO = self.functype.im_func(typ, typ)
result = PROTO(self.callback)(arg)
if typ == c_float:
self.assertAlmostEqual(result, arg, places=5)
else:
self.assertEqual(self.got_args, (arg,))
self.assertEqual(result, arg)
PROTO = self.functype.im_func(typ, c_byte, typ)
result = PROTO(self.callback)(-3, arg)
if typ == c_float:
self.assertAlmostEqual(result, arg, places=5)
else:
self.assertEqual(self.got_args, (-3, arg))
self.assertEqual(result, arg)
################
def test_byte(self):
self.check_type(c_byte, 42)
self.check_type(c_byte, -42)
def test_ubyte(self):
self.check_type(c_ubyte, 42)
def test_short(self):
self.check_type(c_short, 42)
self.check_type(c_short, -42)
def test_ushort(self):
self.check_type(c_ushort, 42)
def test_int(self):
self.check_type(c_int, 42)
self.check_type(c_int, -42)
def test_uint(self):
self.check_type(c_uint, 42)
def test_long(self):
self.check_type(c_long, 42)
self.check_type(c_long, -42)
def test_ulong(self):
self.check_type(c_ulong, 42)
def test_longlong(self):
# test some 64-bit values, positive and negative
self.check_type(c_longlong, 5948291757245277467)
self.check_type(c_longlong, -5229388909784190580)
self.check_type(c_longlong, 42)
self.check_type(c_longlong, -42)
def test_ulonglong(self):
# test some 64-bit values, with and without msb set.
self.check_type(c_ulonglong, 10955412242170339782)
self.check_type(c_ulonglong, 3665885499841167458)
self.check_type(c_ulonglong, 42)
def test_float(self):
# only almost equal: double -> float -> double
import math
self.check_type(c_float, math.e)
self.check_type(c_float, -math.e)
def test_double(self):
self.check_type(c_double, 3.14)
self.check_type(c_double, -3.14)
def test_longdouble(self):
self.check_type(c_longdouble, 3.14)
self.check_type(c_longdouble, -3.14)
def test_char(self):
self.check_type(c_char, "x")
self.check_type(c_char, "a")
# disabled: would now (correctly) raise a RuntimeWarning about
# a memory leak. A callback function cannot return a non-integral
# C type without causing a memory leak.
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_char_p(self):
self.check_type(c_char_p, "abc")
self.check_type(c_char_p, "def")
def test_pyobject(self):
o = ()
from sys import getrefcount as grc
for o in (), [], object():
initial = grc(o)
# This call leaks a reference to 'o'...
self.check_type(py_object, o)
before = grc(o)
# ...but this call doesn't leak any more. Where is the refcount?
self.check_type(py_object, o)
after = grc(o)
self.assertEqual((after, o), (before, o))
def test_unsupported_restype_1(self):
# Only "fundamental" result types are supported for callback
# functions, the type must have a non-NULL stgdict->setfunc.
# POINTER(c_double), for example, is not supported.
prototype = self.functype.im_func(POINTER(c_double))
# The type is checked when the prototype is called
self.assertRaises(TypeError, prototype, lambda: None)
def test_unsupported_restype_2(self):
prototype = self.functype.im_func(object)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, prototype, lambda: None)
def test_issue_7959(self):
proto = self.functype.im_func(None)
class X(object):
def func(self): pass
def __init__(self):
self.v = proto(self.func)
import gc
for i in range(32):
X()
gc.collect()
live = [x for x in gc.get_objects()
if isinstance(x, X)]
self.assertEqual(len(live), 0)
def test_issue12483(self):
import gc
class Nasty:
def __del__(self):
gc.collect()
CFUNCTYPE(None)(lambda x=Nasty(): None)
@need_symbol('WINFUNCTYPE')
class StdcallCallbacks(Callbacks):
try:
functype = WINFUNCTYPE
except NameError:
pass
################################################################
class SampleCallbacksTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_integrate(self):
# Derived from some then non-working code, posted by David Foster
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
# The function prototype called by 'integrate': double func(double);
CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_double, c_double)
# The integrate function itself, exposed from the _ctypes_test dll
integrate = dll.integrate
integrate.argtypes = (c_double, c_double, CALLBACK, c_long)
integrate.restype = c_double
def func(x):
return x**2
result = integrate(0.0, 1.0, CALLBACK(func), 10)
diff = abs(result - 1./3.)
self.assertLess(diff, 0.01, "%s not less than 0.01" % diff)
def test_issue_8959_a(self):
from ctypes.util import find_library
libc_path = find_library("c")
if not libc_path:
self.skipTest('could not find libc')
libc = CDLL(libc_path)
@CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_int), POINTER(c_int))
def cmp_func(a, b):
return a[0] - b[0]
array = (c_int * 5)(5, 1, 99, 7, 33)
libc.qsort(array, len(array), sizeof(c_int), cmp_func)
self.assertEqual(array[:], [1, 5, 7, 33, 99])
@need_symbol('WINFUNCTYPE')
def test_issue_8959_b(self):
from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL, HWND, LPARAM
global windowCount
windowCount = 0
@WINFUNCTYPE(BOOL, HWND, LPARAM)
def EnumWindowsCallbackFunc(hwnd, lParam):
global windowCount
windowCount += 1
return True #Allow windows to keep enumerating
windll.user32.EnumWindows(EnumWindowsCallbackFunc, 0)
def test_callback_register_int(self):
# Issue #8275: buggy handling of callback args under Win64
# NOTE: should be run on release builds as well
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
# All this function does is call the callback with its args squared
func = dll._testfunc_cbk_reg_int
func.argtypes = (c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, CALLBACK)
func.restype = c_int
def callback(a, b, c, d, e):
return a + b + c + d + e
result = func(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, CALLBACK(callback))
self.assertEqual(result, callback(2*2, 3*3, 4*4, 5*5, 6*6))
def test_callback_register_double(self):
# Issue #8275: buggy handling of callback args under Win64
# NOTE: should be run on release builds as well
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_double, c_double, c_double, c_double,
c_double, c_double)
# All this function does is call the callback with its args squared
func = dll._testfunc_cbk_reg_double
func.argtypes = (c_double, c_double, c_double,
c_double, c_double, CALLBACK)
func.restype = c_double
def callback(a, b, c, d, e):
return a + b + c + d + e
result = func(1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, CALLBACK(callback))
self.assertEqual(result,
callback(1.1*1.1, 2.2*2.2, 3.3*3.3, 4.4*4.4, 5.5*5.5))
def test_callback_large_struct(self):
class Check: pass
# This should mirror the structure in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [
('first', c_ulong),
('second', c_ulong),
('third', c_ulong),
]
def callback(check, s):
check.first = s.first
check.second = s.second
check.third = s.third
# See issue #29565.
# The structure should be passed by value, so
# any changes to it should not be reflected in
# the value passed
s.first = s.second = s.third = 0x0badf00d
check = Check()
s = X()
s.first = 0xdeadbeef
s.second = 0xcafebabe
s.third = 0x0bad1dea
CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(None, X)
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
func = dll._testfunc_cbk_large_struct
func.argtypes = (X, CALLBACK)
func.restype = None
# the function just calls the callback with the passed structure
func(s, CALLBACK(functools.partial(callback, check)))
self.assertEqual(check.first, s.first)
self.assertEqual(check.second, s.second)
self.assertEqual(check.third, s.third)
self.assertEqual(check.first, 0xdeadbeef)
self.assertEqual(check.second, 0xcafebabe)
self.assertEqual(check.third, 0x0bad1dea)
# See issue #29565.
# Ensure that the original struct is unchanged.
self.assertEqual(s.first, check.first)
self.assertEqual(s.second, check.second)
self.assertEqual(s.third, check.third)
################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import unittest
import sys
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_array2pointer(self):
array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
# casting an array to a pointer works.
ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_int))
self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
if 2*sizeof(c_short) == sizeof(c_int):
ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_short))
if sys.byteorder == "little":
self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(6)],
[42, 0, 17, 0, 2, 0])
else:
self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(6)],
[0, 42, 0, 17, 0, 2])
def test_address2pointer(self):
array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
address = addressof(array)
ptr = cast(c_void_p(address), POINTER(c_int))
self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
ptr = cast(address, POINTER(c_int))
self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
def test_p2a_objects(self):
array = (c_char_p * 5)()
self.assertEqual(array._objects, None)
array[0] = "foo bar"
self.assertEqual(array._objects, {'0': "foo bar"})
p = cast(array, POINTER(c_char_p))
# array and p share a common _objects attribute
self.assertIs(p._objects, array._objects)
self.assertEqual(array._objects, {'0': "foo bar", id(array): array})
p[0] = "spam spam"
self.assertEqual(p._objects, {'0': "spam spam", id(array): array})
self.assertIs(array._objects, p._objects)
p[1] = "foo bar"
self.assertEqual(p._objects, {'1': 'foo bar', '0': "spam spam", id(array): array})
self.assertIs(array._objects, p._objects)
def test_other(self):
p = cast((c_int * 4)(1, 2, 3, 4), POINTER(c_int))
self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1,2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 3, 2, 1])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
c_int()
self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 3, 2, 1])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
p[2] = 96
self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1, 2, 96, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 96, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 96, 2, 1])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
c_int()
self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1, 2, 96, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 96, 4])
self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 96, 2, 1])
self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
def test_char_p(self):
# This didn't work: bad argument to internal function
s = c_char_p("hiho")
self.assertEqual(cast(cast(s, c_void_p), c_char_p).value,
"hiho")
@need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
def test_wchar_p(self):
s = c_wchar_p("hiho")
self.assertEqual(cast(cast(s, c_void_p), c_wchar_p).value,
"hiho")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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# A lot of failures in these tests on Mac OS X.
# Byte order related?
import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import _ctypes_test
class CFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
_dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
def S(self):
return c_longlong.in_dll(self._dll, "last_tf_arg_s").value
def U(self):
return c_ulonglong.in_dll(self._dll, "last_tf_arg_u").value
def test_byte(self):
self._dll.tf_b.restype = c_byte
self._dll.tf_b.argtypes = (c_byte,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_b(-126), -42)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -126)
def test_byte_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bb.restype = c_byte
self._dll.tf_bb.argtypes = (c_byte, c_byte)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bb(0, -126), -42)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -126)
def test_ubyte(self):
self._dll.tf_B.restype = c_ubyte
self._dll.tf_B.argtypes = (c_ubyte,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_B(255), 85)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 255)
def test_ubyte_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bB.restype = c_ubyte
self._dll.tf_bB.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ubyte)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bB(0, 255), 85)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 255)
def test_short(self):
self._dll.tf_h.restype = c_short
self._dll.tf_h.argtypes = (c_short,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_h(-32766), -10922)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -32766)
def test_short_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bh.restype = c_short
self._dll.tf_bh.argtypes = (c_byte, c_short)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bh(0, -32766), -10922)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -32766)
def test_ushort(self):
self._dll.tf_H.restype = c_ushort
self._dll.tf_H.argtypes = (c_ushort,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_H(65535), 21845)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 65535)
def test_ushort_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bH.restype = c_ushort
self._dll.tf_bH.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ushort)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bH(0, 65535), 21845)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 65535)
def test_int(self):
self._dll.tf_i.restype = c_int
self._dll.tf_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_i(-2147483646), -715827882)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
def test_int_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bi.restype = c_int
self._dll.tf_bi.argtypes = (c_byte, c_int)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bi(0, -2147483646), -715827882)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
def test_uint(self):
self._dll.tf_I.restype = c_uint
self._dll.tf_I.argtypes = (c_uint,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_I(4294967295), 1431655765)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
def test_uint_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bI.restype = c_uint
self._dll.tf_bI.argtypes = (c_byte, c_uint)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bI(0, 4294967295), 1431655765)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
def test_long(self):
self._dll.tf_l.restype = c_long
self._dll.tf_l.argtypes = (c_long,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_l(-2147483646), -715827882)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
def test_long_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bl.restype = c_long
self._dll.tf_bl.argtypes = (c_byte, c_long)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bl(0, -2147483646), -715827882)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
def test_ulong(self):
self._dll.tf_L.restype = c_ulong
self._dll.tf_L.argtypes = (c_ulong,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_L(4294967295), 1431655765)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
def test_ulong_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bL.restype = c_ulong
self._dll.tf_bL.argtypes = (c_char, c_ulong)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bL(' ', 4294967295), 1431655765)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
def test_longlong(self):
self._dll.tf_q.restype = c_longlong
self._dll.tf_q.argtypes = (c_longlong, )
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_q(-9223372036854775806), -3074457345618258602)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -9223372036854775806)
def test_longlong_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bq.restype = c_longlong
self._dll.tf_bq.argtypes = (c_byte, c_longlong)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bq(0, -9223372036854775806), -3074457345618258602)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -9223372036854775806)
def test_ulonglong(self):
self._dll.tf_Q.restype = c_ulonglong
self._dll.tf_Q.argtypes = (c_ulonglong, )
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_Q(18446744073709551615), 6148914691236517205)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 18446744073709551615)
def test_ulonglong_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bQ.restype = c_ulonglong
self._dll.tf_bQ.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ulonglong)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bQ(0, 18446744073709551615), 6148914691236517205)
self.assertEqual(self.U(), 18446744073709551615)
def test_float(self):
self._dll.tf_f.restype = c_float
self._dll.tf_f.argtypes = (c_float,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_f(-42.), -14.)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
def test_float_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bf.restype = c_float
self._dll.tf_bf.argtypes = (c_byte, c_float)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bf(0, -42.), -14.)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
def test_double(self):
self._dll.tf_d.restype = c_double
self._dll.tf_d.argtypes = (c_double,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_d(42.), 14.)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
def test_double_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bd.restype = c_double
self._dll.tf_bd.argtypes = (c_byte, c_double)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bd(0, 42.), 14.)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
def test_longdouble(self):
self._dll.tf_D.restype = c_longdouble
self._dll.tf_D.argtypes = (c_longdouble,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_D(42.), 14.)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
def test_longdouble_plus(self):
self._dll.tf_bD.restype = c_longdouble
self._dll.tf_bD.argtypes = (c_byte, c_longdouble)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bD(0, 42.), 14.)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
def test_callwithresult(self):
def process_result(result):
return result * 2
self._dll.tf_i.restype = process_result
self._dll.tf_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_i(42), 28)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_i(-42), -28)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
def test_void(self):
self._dll.tv_i.restype = None
self._dll.tv_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tv_i(42), None)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
self.assertEqual(self._dll.tv_i(-42), None)
self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
# The following repeats the above tests with stdcall functions (where
# they are available)
try:
WinDLL
except NameError:
def stdcall_dll(*_): pass
else:
class stdcall_dll(WinDLL):
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name[:2] == '__' and name[-2:] == '__':
raise AttributeError(name)
func = self._FuncPtr(("s_" + name, self))
setattr(self, name, func)
return func
@need_symbol('WinDLL')
class stdcallCFunctions(CFunctions):
_dll = stdcall_dll(_ctypes_test.__file__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
class CHECKED(c_int):
def _check_retval_(value):
# Receives a CHECKED instance.
return str(value.value)
_check_retval_ = staticmethod(_check_retval_)
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_checkretval(self):
import _ctypes_test
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
self.assertEqual(42, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
dll._testfunc_p_p.restype = CHECKED
self.assertEqual("42", dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
dll._testfunc_p_p.restype = None
self.assertEqual(None, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
del dll._testfunc_p_p.restype
self.assertEqual(42, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
@need_symbol('oledll')
def test_oledll(self):
self.assertRaises(WindowsError,
oledll.oleaut32.CreateTypeLib2,
0, None, None)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest
from ctypes import *
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("foo", c_int)]
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_simple(self):
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
delattr, c_int(42), "value")
def test_chararray(self):
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
delattr, (c_char * 5)(), "value")
def test_struct(self):
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
delattr, X(), "foo")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest, os, errno
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.util import find_library
from test import test_support
try:
import threading
except ImportError:
threading = None
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_open(self):
libc_name = find_library("c")
if libc_name is None:
raise unittest.SkipTest("Unable to find C library")
libc = CDLL(libc_name, use_errno=True)
if os.name == "nt":
libc_open = libc._open
else:
libc_open = libc.open
libc_open.argtypes = c_char_p, c_int
self.assertEqual(libc_open("", 0), -1)
self.assertEqual(get_errno(), errno.ENOENT)
self.assertEqual(set_errno(32), errno.ENOENT)
self.assertEqual(get_errno(), 32)
if threading:
def _worker():
set_errno(0)
libc = CDLL(libc_name, use_errno=False)
if os.name == "nt":
libc_open = libc._open
else:
libc_open = libc.open
libc_open.argtypes = c_char_p, c_int
self.assertEqual(libc_open("", 0), -1)
self.assertEqual(get_errno(), 0)
t = threading.Thread(target=_worker)
t.start()
t.join()
self.assertEqual(get_errno(), 32)
set_errno(0)
@unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", 'Test specific to Windows')
def test_GetLastError(self):
dll = WinDLL("kernel32", use_last_error=True)
GetModuleHandle = dll.GetModuleHandleA
GetModuleHandle.argtypes = [c_wchar_p]
self.assertEqual(0, GetModuleHandle("foo"))
self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 126)
self.assertEqual(set_last_error(32), 126)
self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 32)
def _worker():
set_last_error(0)
dll = WinDLL("kernel32", use_last_error=False)
GetModuleHandle = dll.GetModuleHandleW
GetModuleHandle.argtypes = [c_wchar_p]
GetModuleHandle("bar")
self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 0)
t = threading.Thread(target=_worker)
t.start()
t.join()
self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 32)
set_last_error(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest
import os.path
import sys
from test import test_support
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.util import find_library
from ctypes.test import is_resource_enabled
if sys.platform == "win32":
lib_gl = find_library("OpenGL32")
lib_glu = find_library("Glu32")
lib_gle = None
elif sys.platform == "darwin":
lib_gl = lib_glu = find_library("OpenGL")
lib_gle = None
else:
lib_gl = find_library("GL")
lib_glu = find_library("GLU")
lib_gle = find_library("gle")
## print, for debugging
if is_resource_enabled("printing"):
if lib_gl or lib_glu or lib_gle:
print "OpenGL libraries:"
for item in (("GL", lib_gl),
("GLU", lib_glu),
("gle", lib_gle)):
print "\t", item
# On some systems, loading the OpenGL libraries needs the RTLD_GLOBAL mode.
class Test_OpenGL_libs(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.gl = self.glu = self.gle = None
if lib_gl:
try:
self.gl = CDLL(lib_gl, mode=RTLD_GLOBAL)
except OSError:
pass
if lib_glu:
try:
self.glu = CDLL(lib_glu, RTLD_GLOBAL)
except OSError:
pass
if lib_gle:
try:
self.gle = CDLL(lib_gle)
except OSError:
pass
def tearDown(self):
self.gl = self.glu = self.gle = None
@unittest.skipUnless(lib_gl, 'lib_gl not available')
def test_gl(self):
if self.gl:
self.gl.glClearIndex
@unittest.skipUnless(lib_glu, 'lib_glu not available')
def test_glu(self):
if self.glu:
self.glu.gluBeginCurve
@unittest.skipUnless(lib_gle, 'lib_gle not available')
def test_gle(self):
if self.gle:
self.gle.gleGetJoinStyle
def test_shell_injection(self):
result = find_library('; echo Hello shell > ' + test_support.TESTFN)
self.assertFalse(os.path.lexists(test_support.TESTFN))
self.assertIsNone(result)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import array
import gc
import unittest
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("c_int", c_int)]
init_called = False
def __init__(self):
self._init_called = True
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_fom_buffer(self):
a = array.array("i", range(16))
x = (c_int * 16).from_buffer(a)
y = X.from_buffer(a)
self.assertEqual(y.c_int, a[0])
self.assertFalse(y.init_called)
self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist())
a[0], a[-1] = 200, -200
self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist())
self.assertIn(a, x._objects.values())
self.assertRaises(ValueError,
c_int.from_buffer, a, -1)
expected = x[:]
del a; gc.collect(); gc.collect(); gc.collect()
self.assertEqual(x[:], expected)
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
(c_char * 16).from_buffer, "a" * 16)
def test_fom_buffer_with_offset(self):
a = array.array("i", range(16))
x = (c_int * 15).from_buffer(a, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist()[1:])
self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: (c_int * 16).from_buffer(a, sizeof(c_int)))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: (c_int * 1).from_buffer(a, 16 * sizeof(c_int)))
def test_from_buffer_copy(self):
a = array.array("i", range(16))
x = (c_int * 16).from_buffer_copy(a)
y = X.from_buffer_copy(a)
self.assertEqual(y.c_int, a[0])
self.assertFalse(y.init_called)
self.assertEqual(x[:], range(16))
a[0], a[-1] = 200, -200
self.assertEqual(x[:], range(16))
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
self.assertRaises(ValueError,
c_int.from_buffer, a, -1)
del a; gc.collect(); gc.collect(); gc.collect()
self.assertEqual(x[:], range(16))
x = (c_char * 16).from_buffer_copy("a" * 16)
self.assertEqual(x[:], "a" * 16)
def test_fom_buffer_copy_with_offset(self):
a = array.array("i", range(16))
x = (c_int * 15).from_buffer_copy(a, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist()[1:])
self.assertRaises(ValueError,
(c_int * 16).from_buffer_copy, a, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertRaises(ValueError,
(c_int * 1).from_buffer_copy, a, 16 * sizeof(c_int))
def test_abstract(self):
from ctypes import _Pointer, _SimpleCData, _CFuncPtr
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Array.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Structure.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Union.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _SimpleCData.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Array.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Structure.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Union.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _SimpleCData.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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import os, unittest
from ctypes import *
try:
WINFUNCTYPE
except NameError:
# fake to enable this test on Linux
WINFUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
import _ctypes_test
lib = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
class CFuncPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_basic(self):
X = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
def func(*args):
return len(args)
x = X(func)
self.assertEqual(x.restype, c_int)
self.assertEqual(x.argtypes, (c_int, c_int))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), sizeof(c_voidp))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_voidp))
def test_first(self):
StdCallback = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
CdeclCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
def func(a, b):
return a + b
s = StdCallback(func)
c = CdeclCallback(func)
self.assertEqual(s(1, 2), 3)
self.assertEqual(c(1, 2), 3)
# The following no longer raises a TypeError - it is now
# possible, as in C, to call cdecl functions with more parameters.
#self.assertRaises(TypeError, c, 1, 2, 3)
self.assertEqual(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 3)
if not WINFUNCTYPE is CFUNCTYPE and os.name != "ce":
self.assertRaises(TypeError, s, 1, 2, 3)
def test_structures(self):
WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
def wndproc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam):
return hwnd + msg + wParam + lParam
HINSTANCE = c_int
HICON = c_int
HCURSOR = c_int
LPCTSTR = c_char_p
class WNDCLASS(Structure):
_fields_ = [("style", c_uint),
("lpfnWndProc", WNDPROC),
("cbClsExtra", c_int),
("cbWndExtra", c_int),
("hInstance", HINSTANCE),
("hIcon", HICON),
("hCursor", HCURSOR),
("lpszMenuName", LPCTSTR),
("lpszClassName", LPCTSTR)]
wndclass = WNDCLASS()
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WNDPROC(wndproc)
WNDPROC_2 = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
# This is no longer true, now that WINFUNCTYPE caches created types internally.
## # CFuncPtr subclasses are compared by identity, so this raises a TypeError:
## self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, wndclass,
## "lpfnWndProc", WNDPROC_2(wndproc))
# instead:
self.assertIs(WNDPROC, WNDPROC_2)
# 'wndclass.lpfnWndProc' leaks 94 references. Why?
self.assertEqual(wndclass.lpfnWndProc(1, 2, 3, 4), 10)
f = wndclass.lpfnWndProc
del wndclass
del wndproc
self.assertEqual(f(10, 11, 12, 13), 46)
def test_dllfunctions(self):
def NoNullHandle(value):
if not value:
raise WinError()
return value
strchr = lib.my_strchr
strchr.restype = c_char_p
strchr.argtypes = (c_char_p, c_char)
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdefghi", "b"), "bcdefghi")
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdefghi", "x"), None)
strtok = lib.my_strtok
strtok.restype = c_char_p
# Neither of this does work: strtok changes the buffer it is passed
## strtok.argtypes = (c_char_p, c_char_p)
## strtok.argtypes = (c_string, c_char_p)
def c_string(init):
size = len(init) + 1
return (c_char*size)(*init)
s = "a\nb\nc"
b = c_string(s)
## b = (c_char * (len(s)+1))()
## b.value = s
## b = c_string(s)
self.assertEqual(strtok(b, "\n"), "a")
self.assertEqual(strtok(None, "\n"), "b")
self.assertEqual(strtok(None, "\n"), "c")
self.assertEqual(strtok(None, "\n"), None)
def test_abstract(self):
from ctypes import _CFuncPtr
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr, 13, "name", 42, "iid")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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"""
Here is probably the place to write the docs, since the test-cases
show how the type behave.
Later...
"""
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import sys, unittest
try:
WINFUNCTYPE
except NameError:
# fake to enable this test on Linux
WINFUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
import _ctypes_test
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
if sys.platform == "win32":
windll = WinDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
class RECT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("left", c_int), ("top", c_int),
("right", c_int), ("bottom", c_int)]
class FunctionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_mro(self):
# in Python 2.3, this raises TypeError: MRO conflict among bases classes,
# in Python 2.2 it works.
#
# But in early versions of _ctypes.c, the result of tp_new
# wasn't checked, and it even crashed Python.
# Found by Greg Chapman.
try:
class X(object, Array):
_length_ = 5
_type_ = "i"
except TypeError:
pass
from _ctypes import _Pointer
try:
class X(object, _Pointer):
pass
except TypeError:
pass
from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
try:
class X(object, _SimpleCData):
_type_ = "i"
except TypeError:
pass
try:
class X(object, Structure):
_fields_ = []
except TypeError:
pass
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_wchar_parm(self):
f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_wchar, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
result = f(1, u"x", 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 139)
self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_wchar_result(self):
f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
f.restype = c_wchar
result = f(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
self.assertEqual(result, u'\x00')
def test_voidresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_v
f.restype = None
f.argtypes = [c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_int)]
result = c_int()
self.assertEqual(None, f(1, 2, byref(result)))
self.assertEqual(result.value, 3)
def test_intresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
f.restype = c_int
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, -21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
# If we declare the function to return a short,
# is the high part split off?
f.restype = c_short
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
result = f(1, 2, 3, 0x10004, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
# You cannot assign character format codes as restype any longer
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, f, "restype", "i")
def test_floatresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_f_bhilfd
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
f.restype = c_float
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, -21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
def test_doubleresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_d_bhilfd
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
f.restype = c_double
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, -21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
def test_longdoubleresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_D_bhilfD
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_longdouble]
f.restype = c_longdouble
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, -21)
self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
@need_symbol('c_longlong')
def test_longlongresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_q_bhilfd
f.restype = c_longlong
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
self.assertEqual(result, 21)
f = dll._testfunc_q_bhilfdq
f.restype = c_longlong
f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double, c_longlong]
result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0, 21)
self.assertEqual(result, 42)
def test_stringresult(self):
f = dll._testfunc_p_p
f.argtypes = None
f.restype = c_char_p
result = f("123")
self.assertEqual(result, "123")
result = f(None)
self.assertEqual(result, None)
def test_pointers(self):
f = dll._testfunc_p_p
f.restype = POINTER(c_int)
f.argtypes = [POINTER(c_int)]
# This only works if the value c_int(42) passed to the
# function is still alive while the pointer (the result) is
# used.
v = c_int(42)
self.assertEqual(pointer(v).contents.value, 42)
result = f(pointer(v))
self.assertEqual(type(result), POINTER(c_int))
self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 42)
# This on works...
result = f(pointer(v))
self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, v.value)
p = pointer(c_int(99))
result = f(p)
self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 99)
arg = byref(v)
result = f(arg)
self.assertNotEqual(result.contents, v.value)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, byref(c_short(22)))
# It is dangerous, however, because you don't control the lifetime
# of the pointer:
result = f(byref(c_int(99)))
self.assertNotEqual(result.contents, 99)
def test_errors(self):
f = dll._testfunc_p_p
f.restype = c_int
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("y", c_int)]
self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, X()) #cannot convert parameter
################################################################
def test_shorts(self):
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
args = []
expected = [262144, 131072, 65536, 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096, 2048,
1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
def callback(v):
args.append(v)
return v
CallBack = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
cb = CallBack(callback)
f(2**18, cb)
self.assertEqual(args, expected)
################################################################
def test_callbacks(self):
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
f.restype = c_int
f.argtypes = None
MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
def callback(value):
#print "called back with", value
return value
cb = MyCallback(callback)
result = f(-10, cb)
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
# test with prototype
f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
cb = MyCallback(callback)
result = f(-10, cb)
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
AnotherCallback = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
# check that the prototype works: we call f with wrong
# argument types
cb = AnotherCallback(callback)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, -10, cb)
def test_callbacks_2(self):
# Can also use simple datatypes as argument type specifiers
# for the callback function.
# In this case the call receives an instance of that type
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
f.restype = c_int
MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
def callback(value):
#print "called back with", value
self.assertEqual(type(value), int)
return value
cb = MyCallback(callback)
result = f(-10, cb)
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
@need_symbol('c_longlong')
def test_longlong_callbacks(self):
f = dll._testfunc_callback_q_qf
f.restype = c_longlong
MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_longlong, c_longlong)
f.argtypes = [c_longlong, MyCallback]
def callback(value):
self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
return value & 0x7FFFFFFF
cb = MyCallback(callback)
self.assertEqual(13577625587, f(1000000000000, cb))
def test_errors(self):
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, dll, "_xxx_yyy")
self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, dll, "_xxx_yyy")
def test_byval(self):
# without prototype
ptin = POINT(1, 2)
ptout = POINT()
# EXPORT int _testfunc_byval(point in, point *pout)
result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
expected = 3, 1, 2
self.assertEqual(got, expected)
# with prototype
ptin = POINT(101, 102)
ptout = POINT()
dll._testfunc_byval.argtypes = (POINT, POINTER(POINT))
dll._testfunc_byval.restype = c_int
result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
expected = 203, 101, 102
self.assertEqual(got, expected)
def test_struct_return_2H(self):
class S2H(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_short),
("y", c_short)]
dll.ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
dll.ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
inp = S2H(99, 88)
s2h = dll.ret_2h_func(inp)
self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
def test_struct_return_2H_stdcall(self):
class S2H(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_short),
("y", c_short)]
windll.s_ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
windll.s_ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
s2h = windll.s_ret_2h_func(S2H(99, 88))
self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
def test_struct_return_8H(self):
class S8I(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int),
("c", c_int),
("d", c_int),
("e", c_int),
("f", c_int),
("g", c_int),
("h", c_int)]
dll.ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
dll.ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
s8i = dll.ret_8i_func(inp)
self.assertEqual((s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
(9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
def test_struct_return_8H_stdcall(self):
class S8I(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int),
("c", c_int),
("d", c_int),
("e", c_int),
("f", c_int),
("g", c_int),
("h", c_int)]
windll.s_ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
windll.s_ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
s8i = windll.s_ret_8i_func(inp)
self.assertEqual(
(s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
(9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
def test_sf1651235(self):
# see http://www.python.org/sf/1651235
proto = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, RECT, POINT)
def callback(*args):
return 0
callback = proto(callback)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, lambda: callback((1, 2, 3, 4), POINT()))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_incomplete.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
################################################################
#
# The incomplete pointer example from the tutorial
#
class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_incomplete_example(self):
lpcell = POINTER("cell")
class cell(Structure):
_fields_ = [("name", c_char_p),
("next", lpcell)]
SetPointerType(lpcell, cell)
c1 = cell()
c1.name = "foo"
c2 = cell()
c2.name = "bar"
c1.next = pointer(c2)
c2.next = pointer(c1)
p = c1
result = []
for i in range(8):
result.append(p.name)
p = p.next[0]
self.assertEqual(result, ["foo", "bar"] * 4)
# to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[cell]
################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_init.py Normal file
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from ctypes import *
import unittest
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int)]
new_was_called = False
def __new__(cls):
result = super(X, cls).__new__(cls)
result.new_was_called = True
return result
def __init__(self):
self.a = 9
self.b = 12
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", X)]
class InitTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_get(self):
# make sure the only accessing a nested structure
# doesn't call the structure's __new__ and __init__
y = Y()
self.assertEqual((y.x.a, y.x.b), (0, 0))
self.assertEqual(y.x.new_was_called, False)
# But explicitly creating an X structure calls __new__ and __init__, of course.
x = X()
self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b), (9, 12))
self.assertEqual(x.new_was_called, True)
y.x = x
self.assertEqual((y.x.a, y.x.b), (9, 12))
self.assertEqual(y.x.new_was_called, False)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_internals.py Normal file
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# This tests the internal _objects attribute
import unittest
from ctypes import *
from sys import getrefcount as grc
# XXX This test must be reviewed for correctness!!!
"""
ctypes' types are container types.
They have an internal memory block, which only consists of some bytes,
but it has to keep references to other objects as well. This is not
really needed for trivial C types like int or char, but it is important
for aggregate types like strings or pointers in particular.
What about pointers?
"""
class ObjectsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def assertSame(self, a, b):
self.assertEqual(id(a), id(b))
def test_ints(self):
i = 42000123
refcnt = grc(i)
ci = c_int(i)
self.assertEqual(refcnt, grc(i))
self.assertEqual(ci._objects, None)
def test_c_char_p(self):
s = "Hello, World"
refcnt = grc(s)
cs = c_char_p(s)
self.assertEqual(refcnt + 1, grc(s))
self.assertSame(cs._objects, s)
def test_simple_struct(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
a = 421234
b = 421235
x = X()
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x.a = a
x.b = b
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
def test_embedded_structs(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", X), ("y", X)]
y = Y()
self.assertEqual(y._objects, None)
x1, x2 = X(), X()
y.x, y.y = x1, x2
self.assertEqual(y._objects, {"0": {}, "1": {}})
x1.a, x2.b = 42, 93
self.assertEqual(y._objects, {"0": {}, "1": {}})
def test_xxx(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_char_p), ("b", c_char_p)]
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", X), ("y", X)]
s1 = "Hello, World"
s2 = "Hallo, Welt"
x = X()
x.a = s1
x.b = s2
self.assertEqual(x._objects, {"0": s1, "1": s2})
y = Y()
y.x = x
self.assertEqual(y._objects, {"0": {"0": s1, "1": s2}})
## x = y.x
## del y
## print x._b_base_._objects
def test_ptr_struct(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("data", POINTER(c_int))]
A = c_int*4
a = A(11, 22, 33, 44)
self.assertEqual(a._objects, None)
x = X()
x.data = a
##XXX print x._objects
##XXX print x.data[0]
##XXX print x.data._objects
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import unittest
class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_cint(self):
x = c_int()
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x.value = 42
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x = c_int(99)
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
def test_ccharp(self):
x = c_char_p()
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x.value = "abc"
self.assertEqual(x._objects, "abc")
x = c_char_p("spam")
self.assertEqual(x._objects, "spam")
class StructureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_cint_struct(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int)]
x = X()
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x.a = 42
x.b = 99
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
def test_ccharp_struct(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_char_p),
("b", c_char_p)]
x = X()
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x.a = "spam"
x.b = "foo"
self.assertEqual(x._objects, {"0": "spam", "1": "foo"})
def test_struct_struct(self):
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
class RECT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("ul", POINT), ("lr", POINT)]
r = RECT()
r.ul.x = 0
r.ul.y = 1
r.lr.x = 2
r.lr.y = 3
self.assertEqual(r._objects, None)
r = RECT()
pt = POINT(1, 2)
r.ul = pt
self.assertEqual(r._objects, {'0': {}})
r.ul.x = 22
r.ul.y = 44
self.assertEqual(r._objects, {'0': {}})
r.lr = POINT()
self.assertEqual(r._objects, {'0': {}, '1': {}})
class ArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_cint_array(self):
INTARR = c_int * 3
ia = INTARR()
self.assertEqual(ia._objects, None)
ia[0] = 1
ia[1] = 2
ia[2] = 3
self.assertEqual(ia._objects, None)
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("a", INTARR)]
x = X()
x.x = 1000
x.a[0] = 42
x.a[1] = 96
self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
x.a = ia
self.assertEqual(x._objects, {'1': {}})
class PointerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_p_cint(self):
i = c_int(42)
x = pointer(i)
self.assertEqual(x._objects, {'1': i})
class DeletePointerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_X(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("p", POINTER(c_char_p))]
x = X()
i = c_char_p("abc def")
from sys import getrefcount as grc
print "2?", grc(i)
x.p = pointer(i)
print "3?", grc(i)
for i in range(320):
c_int(99)
x.p[0]
print x.p[0]
## del x
## print "2?", grc(i)
## del i
import gc
gc.collect()
for i in range(320):
c_int(99)
x.p[0]
print x.p[0]
print x.p.contents
## print x._objects
x.p[0] = "spam spam"
## print x.p[0]
print "+" * 42
print x._objects
class PointerToStructure(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
class RECT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", POINTER(POINT)),
("b", POINTER(POINT))]
r = RECT()
p1 = POINT(1, 2)
r.a = pointer(p1)
r.b = pointer(p1)
## from pprint import pprint as pp
## pp(p1._objects)
## pp(r._objects)
r.a[0].x = 42
r.a[0].y = 99
# to avoid leaking when tests are run several times
# clean up the types left in the cache.
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[POINT]
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes_test
lib = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
class LibTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_sqrt(self):
lib.my_sqrt.argtypes = c_double,
lib.my_sqrt.restype = c_double
self.assertEqual(lib.my_sqrt(4.0), 2.0)
import math
self.assertEqual(lib.my_sqrt(2.0), math.sqrt(2.0))
def test_qsort(self):
comparefunc = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_char), POINTER(c_char))
lib.my_qsort.argtypes = c_void_p, c_size_t, c_size_t, comparefunc
lib.my_qsort.restype = None
def sort(a, b):
return cmp(a[0], b[0])
chars = create_string_buffer("spam, spam, and spam")
lib.my_qsort(chars, len(chars)-1, sizeof(c_char), comparefunc(sort))
self.assertEqual(chars.raw, " ,,aaaadmmmnpppsss\x00")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import sys, unittest
import os
from ctypes.util import find_library
from ctypes.test import is_resource_enabled
import test.test_support as support
libc_name = None
if os.name == "nt":
libc_name = find_library("c")
elif os.name == "ce":
libc_name = "coredll"
elif sys.platform == "cygwin":
libc_name = "cygwin1.dll"
else:
libc_name = find_library("c")
if is_resource_enabled("printing"):
print "libc_name is", libc_name
class LoaderTest(unittest.TestCase):
unknowndll = "xxrandomnamexx"
@unittest.skipUnless(libc_name is not None, 'could not find libc')
def test_load(self):
CDLL(libc_name)
CDLL(os.path.basename(libc_name))
self.assertRaises(OSError, CDLL, self.unknowndll)
@support.requires_unicode
@unittest.skipUnless(libc_name is not None, 'could not find libc')
def test_load_unicode(self):
CDLL(unicode(libc_name))
self.assertRaises(OSError, CDLL, unicode(self.unknowndll))
@unittest.skipUnless(libc_name is not None, 'could not find libc')
@unittest.skipUnless(libc_name is not None and
os.path.basename(libc_name) == "libc.so.6",
'wrong libc path for test')
def test_load_version(self):
cdll.LoadLibrary("libc.so.6")
# linux uses version, libc 9 should not exist
self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.LoadLibrary, "libc.so.9")
self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.LoadLibrary, self.unknowndll)
def test_find(self):
for name in ("c", "m"):
lib = find_library(name)
if lib:
cdll.LoadLibrary(lib)
CDLL(lib)
@unittest.skipUnless(os.name in ("nt", "ce"),
'test specific to Windows (NT/CE)')
def test_load_library(self):
self.assertIsNotNone(libc_name)
if is_resource_enabled("printing"):
print find_library("kernel32")
print find_library("user32")
if os.name == "nt":
windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleW
windll["kernel32"].GetModuleHandleW
windll.LoadLibrary("kernel32").GetModuleHandleW
WinDLL("kernel32").GetModuleHandleW
elif os.name == "ce":
windll.coredll.GetModuleHandleW
windll["coredll"].GetModuleHandleW
windll.LoadLibrary("coredll").GetModuleHandleW
WinDLL("coredll").GetModuleHandleW
@unittest.skipUnless(os.name in ("nt", "ce"),
'test specific to Windows (NT/CE)')
def test_load_ordinal_functions(self):
import _ctypes_test
dll = WinDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
# We load the same function both via ordinal and name
func_ord = dll[2]
func_name = dll.GetString
# addressof gets the address where the function pointer is stored
a_ord = addressof(func_ord)
a_name = addressof(func_name)
f_ord_addr = c_void_p.from_address(a_ord).value
f_name_addr = c_void_p.from_address(a_name).value
self.assertEqual(hex(f_ord_addr), hex(f_name_addr))
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, dll.__getitem__, 1234)
@unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", 'Windows-specific test')
def test_1703286_A(self):
from _ctypes import LoadLibrary, FreeLibrary
# On winXP 64-bit, advapi32 loads at an address that does
# NOT fit into a 32-bit integer. FreeLibrary must be able
# to accept this address.
# These are tests for http://www.python.org/sf/1703286
handle = LoadLibrary("advapi32")
FreeLibrary(handle)
@unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", 'Windows-specific test')
def test_1703286_B(self):
# Since on winXP 64-bit advapi32 loads like described
# above, the (arbitrarily selected) CloseEventLog function
# also has a high address. 'call_function' should accept
# addresses so large.
from _ctypes import call_function
advapi32 = windll.advapi32
# Calling CloseEventLog with a NULL argument should fail,
# but the call should not segfault or so.
self.assertEqual(0, advapi32.CloseEventLog(None))
windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.argtypes = c_void_p, c_char_p
windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.restype = c_void_p
proc = windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress(advapi32._handle,
"CloseEventLog")
self.assertTrue(proc)
# This is the real test: call the function via 'call_function'
self.assertEqual(0, call_function(proc, (None,)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import os
import sys
import unittest
# Bob Ippolito:
"""
Ok.. the code to find the filename for __getattr__ should look
something like:
import os
from macholib.dyld import dyld_find
def find_lib(name):
possible = ['lib'+name+'.dylib', name+'.dylib',
name+'.framework/'+name]
for dylib in possible:
try:
return os.path.realpath(dyld_find(dylib))
except ValueError:
pass
raise ValueError, "%s not found" % (name,)
It'll have output like this:
>>> find_lib('pthread')
'/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib'
>>> find_lib('z')
'/usr/lib/libz.1.dylib'
>>> find_lib('IOKit')
'/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit'
-bob
"""
from ctypes.macholib.dyld import dyld_find
def find_lib(name):
possible = ['lib'+name+'.dylib', name+'.dylib', name+'.framework/'+name]
for dylib in possible:
try:
return os.path.realpath(dyld_find(dylib))
except ValueError:
pass
raise ValueError("%s not found" % (name,))
class MachOTest(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "darwin", 'OSX-specific test')
def test_find(self):
self.assertEqual(find_lib('pthread'),
'/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib')
result = find_lib('z')
# Issue #21093: dyld default search path includes $HOME/lib and
# /usr/local/lib before /usr/lib, which caused test failures if
# a local copy of libz exists in one of them. Now ignore the head
# of the path.
self.assertRegexpMatches(result, r".*/lib/libz\..*.*\.dylib")
self.assertEqual(find_lib('IOKit'),
'/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit')
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import sys
import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
class MemFunctionsTest(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_overflow(self):
# string_at and wstring_at must use the Python calling
# convention (which acquires the GIL and checks the Python
# error flag). Provoke an error and catch it; see also issue
# #3554: <http://bugs.python.org/issue3554>
self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError, SystemError),
lambda: wstring_at(u"foo", sys.maxint - 1))
self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError, SystemError),
lambda: string_at("foo", sys.maxint - 1))
def test_memmove(self):
# large buffers apparently increase the chance that the memory
# is allocated in high address space.
a = create_string_buffer(1000000)
p = "Hello, World"
result = memmove(a, p, len(p))
self.assertEqual(a.value, "Hello, World")
self.assertEqual(string_at(result), "Hello, World")
self.assertEqual(string_at(result, 5), "Hello")
self.assertEqual(string_at(result, 16), "Hello, World\0\0\0\0")
self.assertEqual(string_at(result, 0), "")
def test_memset(self):
a = create_string_buffer(1000000)
result = memset(a, ord('x'), 16)
self.assertEqual(a.value, "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
self.assertEqual(string_at(result), "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
self.assertEqual(string_at(a), "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
self.assertEqual(string_at(a, 20), "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\0\0\0\0")
def test_cast(self):
a = (c_ubyte * 32)(*map(ord, "abcdef"))
self.assertEqual(cast(a, c_char_p).value, "abcdef")
self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7],
[97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 0])
self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7:],
[97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 0])
self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[6:-1:-1],
[0, 102, 101, 100, 99, 98, 97])
self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7:2],
[97, 99, 101, 0])
self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7:7],
[97])
def test_string_at(self):
s = string_at("foo bar")
# XXX The following may be wrong, depending on how Python
# manages string instances
self.assertEqual(2, sys.getrefcount(s))
self.assertTrue(s, "foo bar")
self.assertEqual(string_at("foo bar", 8), "foo bar\0")
self.assertEqual(string_at("foo bar", 3), "foo")
@need_symbol('create_unicode_buffer')
def test_wstring_at(self):
p = create_unicode_buffer("Hello, World")
a = create_unicode_buffer(1000000)
result = memmove(a, p, len(p) * sizeof(c_wchar))
self.assertEqual(a.value, "Hello, World")
self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a), "Hello, World")
self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a, 5), "Hello")
self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a, 16), "Hello, World\0\0\0\0")
self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a, 0), "")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import unittest
import struct
def valid_ranges(*types):
# given a sequence of numeric types, collect their _type_
# attribute, which is a single format character compatible with
# the struct module, use the struct module to calculate the
# minimum and maximum value allowed for this format.
# Returns a list of (min, max) values.
result = []
for t in types:
fmt = t._type_
size = struct.calcsize(fmt)
a = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\x00"*32)[:size])[0]
b = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\xFF"*32)[:size])[0]
c = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\x7F"+"\x00"*32)[:size])[0]
d = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\x80"+"\xFF"*32)[:size])[0]
result.append((min(a, b, c, d), max(a, b, c, d)))
return result
ArgType = type(byref(c_int(0)))
unsigned_types = [c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong]
signed_types = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong]
bool_types = []
float_types = [c_double, c_float]
try:
c_ulonglong
c_longlong
except NameError:
pass
else:
unsigned_types.append(c_ulonglong)
signed_types.append(c_longlong)
try:
c_bool
except NameError:
pass
else:
bool_types.append(c_bool)
unsigned_ranges = valid_ranges(*unsigned_types)
signed_ranges = valid_ranges(*signed_types)
bool_values = [True, False, 0, 1, -1, 5000, 'test', [], [1]]
################################################################
class NumberTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_default_init(self):
# default values are set to zero
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
self.assertEqual(t().value, 0)
def test_unsigned_values(self):
# the value given to the constructor is available
# as the 'value' attribute
for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
self.assertEqual(t(l).value, l)
self.assertEqual(t(h).value, h)
def test_signed_values(self):
# see above
for t, (l, h) in zip(signed_types, signed_ranges):
self.assertEqual(t(l).value, l)
self.assertEqual(t(h).value, h)
def test_bool_values(self):
from operator import truth
for t, v in zip(bool_types, bool_values):
self.assertEqual(t(v).value, truth(v))
def test_typeerror(self):
# Only numbers are allowed in the constructor,
# otherwise TypeError is raised
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, "")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, None)
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_valid_ranges(self):
# invalid values of the correct type
# raise ValueError (not OverflowError)
for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, l-1)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, h+1)
def test_from_param(self):
# the from_param class method attribute always
# returns PyCArgObject instances
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
self.assertEqual(ArgType, type(t.from_param(0)))
def test_byref(self):
# calling byref returns also a PyCArgObject instance
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types + bool_types:
parm = byref(t())
self.assertEqual(ArgType, type(parm))
def test_floats(self):
# c_float and c_double can be created from
# Python int, long and float
class FloatLike(object):
def __float__(self):
return 2.0
f = FloatLike()
for t in float_types:
self.assertEqual(t(2.0).value, 2.0)
self.assertEqual(t(2).value, 2.0)
self.assertEqual(t(2L).value, 2.0)
self.assertEqual(t(f).value, 2.0)
def test_integers(self):
class FloatLike(object):
def __float__(self):
return 2.0
f = FloatLike()
class IntLike(object):
def __int__(self):
return 2
i = IntLike()
# integers cannot be constructed from floats,
# but from integer-like objects
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, 3.14)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, f)
self.assertEqual(t(i).value, 2)
def test_sizes(self):
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types + bool_types:
try:
size = struct.calcsize(t._type_)
except struct.error:
continue
# sizeof of the type...
self.assertEqual(sizeof(t), size)
# and sizeof of an instance
self.assertEqual(sizeof(t()), size)
def test_alignments(self):
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
code = t._type_ # the typecode
align = struct.calcsize("c%c" % code) - struct.calcsize(code)
# alignment of the type...
self.assertEqual((code, alignment(t)),
(code, align))
# and alignment of an instance
self.assertEqual((code, alignment(t())),
(code, align))
def test_int_from_address(self):
from array import array
for t in signed_types + unsigned_types:
# the array module doesn't support all format codes
# (no 'q' or 'Q')
try:
array(t._type_)
except ValueError:
continue
a = array(t._type_, [100])
# v now is an integer at an 'external' memory location
v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
self.assertEqual(type(v), t)
# changing the value at the memory location changes v's value also
a[0] = 42
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
def test_float_from_address(self):
from array import array
for t in float_types:
a = array(t._type_, [3.14])
v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
self.assertIs(type(v), t)
a[0] = 2.3456e17
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
self.assertIs(type(v), t)
def test_char_from_address(self):
from ctypes import c_char
from array import array
a = array('c', 'x')
v = c_char.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
self.assertIs(type(v), c_char)
a[0] = '?'
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
# array does not support c_bool / 't'
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_bool_from_address(self):
from ctypes import c_bool
from array import array
a = array(c_bool._type_, [True])
v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
self.assertEqual(type(v) is t)
a[0] = False
self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
self.assertEqual(type(v) is t)
def test_init(self):
# c_int() can be initialized from Python's int, and c_int.
# Not from c_long or so, which seems strange, abc should
# probably be changed:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_int, c_long(42))
def test_float_overflow(self):
import sys
big_int = int(sys.float_info.max) * 2
for t in float_types + [c_longdouble]:
self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t, big_int)
if (hasattr(t, "__ctype_be__")):
self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t.__ctype_be__, big_int)
if (hasattr(t, "__ctype_le__")):
self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t.__ctype_le__, big_int)
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_perf(self):
check_perf()
from ctypes import _SimpleCData
class c_int_S(_SimpleCData):
_type_ = "i"
__slots__ = []
def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg=None):
## items = [None] * rep
items = range(rep)
from time import clock
if arg is not None:
start = clock()
for i in items:
func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
stop = clock()
else:
start = clock()
for i in items:
func(); func(); func(); func(); func()
stop = clock()
print "%15s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep))
def check_perf():
# Construct 5 objects
from ctypes import c_int
REP = 200000
run_test(REP, "int()", int)
run_test(REP, "int(999)", int)
run_test(REP, "c_int()", c_int)
run_test(REP, "c_int(999)", c_int)
run_test(REP, "c_int_S()", c_int_S)
run_test(REP, "c_int_S(999)", c_int_S)
# Python 2.3 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
#
# int(): 0.87 us
# int(999): 0.87 us
# c_int(): 3.35 us
# c_int(999): 3.34 us
# c_int_S(): 3.23 us
# c_int_S(999): 3.24 us
# Python 2.2 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
#
# int(): 0.89 us
# int(999): 0.89 us
# c_int(): 9.99 us
# c_int(999): 10.02 us
# c_int_S(): 9.87 us
# c_int_S(999): 9.85 us
if __name__ == '__main__':
## check_perf()
unittest.main()

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r'''
This tests the '_objects' attribute of ctypes instances. '_objects'
holds references to objects that must be kept alive as long as the
ctypes instance, to make sure that the memory buffer is valid.
WARNING: The '_objects' attribute is exposed ONLY for debugging ctypes itself,
it MUST NEVER BE MODIFIED!
'_objects' is initialized to a dictionary on first use, before that it
is None.
Here is an array of string pointers:
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> array = (c_char_p * 5)()
>>> print array._objects
None
>>>
The memory block stores pointers to strings, and the strings itself
assigned from Python must be kept.
>>> array[4] = 'foo bar'
>>> array._objects
{'4': 'foo bar'}
>>> array[4]
'foo bar'
>>>
It gets more complicated when the ctypes instance itself is contained
in a 'base' object.
>>> class X(Structure):
... _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int), ("array", c_char_p * 5)]
...
>>> x = X()
>>> print x._objects
None
>>>
The'array' attribute of the 'x' object shares part of the memory buffer
of 'x' ('_b_base_' is either None, or the root object owning the memory block):
>>> print x.array._b_base_ # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<ctypes.test.test_objects.X object at 0x...>
>>>
>>> x.array[0] = 'spam spam spam'
>>> x._objects
{'0:2': 'spam spam spam'}
>>> x.array._b_base_._objects
{'0:2': 'spam spam spam'}
>>>
'''
import unittest, doctest, sys
import ctypes.test.test_objects
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
failures, tests = doctest.testmod(ctypes.test.test_objects)
self.assertFalse(failures, 'doctests failed, see output above')
if __name__ == '__main__':
doctest.testmod(ctypes.test.test_objects)

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import unittest, sys
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import test.support
class SimpleTypesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
import ctypes
try:
from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
except ImportError:
pass
else:
self.prev_conv_mode = set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
def tearDown(self):
try:
from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
except ImportError:
pass
else:
set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
def test_subclasses(self):
from ctypes import c_void_p, c_char_p
# ctypes 0.9.5 and before did overwrite from_param in SimpleType_new
class CVOIDP(c_void_p):
def from_param(cls, value):
return value * 2
from_param = classmethod(from_param)
class CCHARP(c_char_p):
def from_param(cls, value):
return value * 4
from_param = classmethod(from_param)
self.assertEqual(CVOIDP.from_param("abc"), "abcabc")
self.assertEqual(CCHARP.from_param("abc"), "abcabcabcabc")
@need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
def test_subclasses_c_wchar_p(self):
from ctypes import c_wchar_p
class CWCHARP(c_wchar_p):
def from_param(cls, value):
return value * 3
from_param = classmethod(from_param)
self.assertEqual(CWCHARP.from_param("abc"), "abcabcabc")
# XXX Replace by c_char_p tests
def test_cstrings(self):
from ctypes import c_char_p, byref
# c_char_p.from_param on a Python String packs the string
# into a cparam object
s = "123"
self.assertIs(c_char_p.from_param(s)._obj, s)
# new in 0.9.1: convert (encode) unicode to ascii
self.assertEqual(c_char_p.from_param(u"123")._obj, "123")
self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError, c_char_p.from_param, u"123\377")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char_p.from_param, 42)
# calling c_char_p.from_param with a c_char_p instance
# returns the argument itself:
a = c_char_p("123")
self.assertIs(c_char_p.from_param(a), a)
@need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
def test_cw_strings(self):
from ctypes import byref, c_wchar_p
s = u"123"
if sys.platform == "win32":
self.assertTrue(c_wchar_p.from_param(s)._obj is s)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar_p.from_param, 42)
# new in 0.9.1: convert (decode) ascii to unicode
self.assertEqual(c_wchar_p.from_param("123")._obj, u"123")
self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, c_wchar_p.from_param, "123\377")
pa = c_wchar_p.from_param(c_wchar_p(u"123"))
self.assertEqual(type(pa), c_wchar_p)
def test_int_pointers(self):
from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER, pointer
LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
## p = pointer(c_int(42))
## x = LPINT.from_param(p)
x = LPINT.from_param(pointer(c_int(42)))
self.assertEqual(x.contents.value, 42)
self.assertEqual(LPINT(c_int(42)).contents.value, 42)
self.assertEqual(LPINT.from_param(None), None)
if c_int != c_long:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_long(42)))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_uint(42)))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_short(42)))
def test_byref_pointer(self):
# The from_param class method of POINTER(typ) classes accepts what is
# returned by byref(obj), it type(obj) == typ
from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, pointer, POINTER, byref
LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
LPINT.from_param(byref(c_int(42)))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_short(22)))
if c_int != c_long:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_long(22)))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_uint(22)))
def test_byref_pointerpointer(self):
# See above
from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, pointer, POINTER, byref
LPLPINT = POINTER(POINTER(c_int))
LPLPINT.from_param(byref(pointer(c_int(42))))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_short(22))))
if c_int != c_long:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_long(22))))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_uint(22))))
def test_array_pointers(self):
from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER
INTARRAY = c_int * 3
ia = INTARRAY()
self.assertEqual(len(ia), 3)
self.assertEqual([ia[i] for i in range(3)], [0, 0, 0])
# Pointers are only compatible with arrays containing items of
# the same type!
LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
LPINT.from_param((c_int*3)())
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_short*3)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_long*3)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_uint*3)
def test_noctypes_argtype(self):
import _ctypes_test
from ctypes import CDLL, c_void_p, ArgumentError
func = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_void_p
# TypeError: has no from_param method
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, func, "argtypes", (object,))
class Adapter(object):
def from_param(cls, obj):
return None
func.argtypes = (Adapter(),)
self.assertEqual(func(None), None)
self.assertEqual(func(object()), None)
class Adapter(object):
def from_param(cls, obj):
return obj
func.argtypes = (Adapter(),)
# don't know how to convert parameter 1
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, object())
self.assertEqual(func(c_void_p(42)), 42)
class Adapter(object):
def from_param(cls, obj):
raise ValueError(obj)
func.argtypes = (Adapter(),)
# ArgumentError: argument 1: ValueError: 99
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, 99)
def test_abstract(self):
from ctypes import (Array, Structure, Union, _Pointer,
_SimpleCData, _CFuncPtr)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Array.from_param, 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Structure.from_param, 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Union.from_param, 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr.from_param, 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.from_param, 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _SimpleCData.from_param, 42)
@test.support.cpython_only
def test_issue31311(self):
# __setstate__ should neither raise a SystemError nor crash in case
# of a bad __dict__.
from ctypes import Structure
class BadStruct(Structure):
@property
def __dict__(self):
pass
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
BadStruct().__setstate__({}, b'foo')
class WorseStruct(Structure):
@property
def __dict__(self):
1/0.0
with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
WorseStruct().__setstate__({}, b'foo')
################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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import unittest
from ctypes import *
import re, sys
if sys.byteorder == "little":
THIS_ENDIAN = "<"
OTHER_ENDIAN = ">"
else:
THIS_ENDIAN = ">"
OTHER_ENDIAN = "<"
def normalize(format):
# Remove current endian specifier and white space from a format
# string
if format is None:
return ""
format = format.replace(OTHER_ENDIAN, THIS_ENDIAN)
return re.sub(r"\s", "", format)
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_native_types(self):
for tp, fmt, shape, itemtp in native_types:
ob = tp()
v = memoryview(ob)
try:
self.assertEqual(normalize(v.format), normalize(fmt))
if shape is not None:
self.assertEqual(len(v), shape[0])
else:
self.assertEqual(len(v) * sizeof(itemtp), sizeof(ob))
self.assertEqual(v.itemsize, sizeof(itemtp))
self.assertEqual(v.shape, shape)
# ctypes object always have a non-strided memory block
self.assertEqual(v.strides, None)
# they are always read/write
self.assertFalse(v.readonly)
if v.shape:
n = 1
for dim in v.shape:
n = n * dim
self.assertEqual(n * v.itemsize, len(v.tobytes()))
except:
# so that we can see the failing type
print(tp)
raise
def test_endian_types(self):
for tp, fmt, shape, itemtp in endian_types:
ob = tp()
v = memoryview(ob)
try:
self.assertEqual(v.format, fmt)
if shape is not None:
self.assertEqual(len(v), shape[0])
else:
self.assertEqual(len(v) * sizeof(itemtp), sizeof(ob))
self.assertEqual(v.itemsize, sizeof(itemtp))
self.assertEqual(v.shape, shape)
# ctypes object always have a non-strided memory block
self.assertEqual(v.strides, None)
# they are always read/write
self.assertFalse(v.readonly)
if v.shape:
n = 1
for dim in v.shape:
n = n * dim
self.assertEqual(n, len(v))
except:
# so that we can see the failing type
print(tp)
raise
# define some structure classes
class Point(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
class PackedPoint(Structure):
_pack_ = 2
_fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
class Point2(Structure):
pass
Point2._fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
class EmptyStruct(Structure):
_fields_ = []
class aUnion(Union):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
class StructWithArrays(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_long * 3 * 2), ("y", Point * 4)]
class Incomplete(Structure):
pass
class Complete(Structure):
pass
PComplete = POINTER(Complete)
Complete._fields_ = [("a", c_long)]
################################################################
#
# This table contains format strings as they look on little endian
# machines. The test replaces '<' with '>' on big endian machines.
#
# Platform-specific type codes
s_bool = {1: '?', 2: 'H', 4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_bool)]
s_short = {2: 'h', 4: 'l', 8: 'q'}[sizeof(c_short)]
s_ushort = {2: 'H', 4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_ushort)]
s_int = {2: 'h', 4: 'i', 8: 'q'}[sizeof(c_int)]
s_uint = {2: 'H', 4: 'I', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_uint)]
s_long = {4: 'l', 8: 'q'}[sizeof(c_long)]
s_ulong = {4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_ulong)]
s_longlong = "q"
s_ulonglong = "Q"
s_float = "f"
s_double = "d"
s_longdouble = "g"
# Alias definitions in ctypes/__init__.py
if c_int is c_long:
s_int = s_long
if c_uint is c_ulong:
s_uint = s_ulong
if c_longlong is c_long:
s_longlong = s_long
if c_ulonglong is c_ulong:
s_ulonglong = s_ulong
if c_longdouble is c_double:
s_longdouble = s_double
native_types = [
# type format shape calc itemsize
## simple types
(c_char, "<c", None, c_char),
(c_byte, "<b", None, c_byte),
(c_ubyte, "<B", None, c_ubyte),
(c_short, "<" + s_short, None, c_short),
(c_ushort, "<" + s_ushort, None, c_ushort),
(c_int, "<" + s_int, None, c_int),
(c_uint, "<" + s_uint, None, c_uint),
(c_long, "<" + s_long, None, c_long),
(c_ulong, "<" + s_ulong, None, c_ulong),
(c_longlong, "<" + s_longlong, None, c_longlong),
(c_ulonglong, "<" + s_ulonglong, None, c_ulonglong),
(c_float, "<f", None, c_float),
(c_double, "<d", None, c_double),
(c_longdouble, "<" + s_longdouble, None, c_longdouble),
(c_bool, "<" + s_bool, None, c_bool),
(py_object, "<O", None, py_object),
## pointers
(POINTER(c_byte), "&<b", None, POINTER(c_byte)),
(POINTER(POINTER(c_long)), "&&<" + s_long, None, POINTER(POINTER(c_long))),
## arrays and pointers
(c_double * 4, "<d", (4,), c_double),
(c_float * 4 * 3 * 2, "<f", (2,3,4), c_float),
(POINTER(c_short) * 2, "&<" + s_short, (2,), POINTER(c_short)),
(POINTER(c_short) * 2 * 3, "&<" + s_short, (3,2,), POINTER(c_short)),
(POINTER(c_short * 2), "&(2)<" + s_short, None, POINTER(c_short)),
## structures and unions
(Point, "T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, Point),
# packed structures do not implement the pep
(PackedPoint, "B", None, PackedPoint),
(Point2, "T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, Point2),
(EmptyStruct, "T{}", None, EmptyStruct),
# the pep does't support unions
(aUnion, "B", None, aUnion),
# structure with sub-arrays
(StructWithArrays, "T{(2,3)<l:x:(4)T{<l:x:<l:y:}:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, StructWithArrays),
(StructWithArrays * 3, "T{(2,3)<l:x:(4)T{<l:x:<l:y:}:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (3,), StructWithArrays),
## pointer to incomplete structure
(Incomplete, "B", None, Incomplete),
(POINTER(Incomplete), "&B", None, POINTER(Incomplete)),
# 'Complete' is a structure that starts incomplete, but is completed after the
# pointer type to it has been created.
(Complete, "T{<l:a:}".replace('l', s_long), None, Complete),
# Unfortunately the pointer format string is not fixed...
(POINTER(Complete), "&B", None, POINTER(Complete)),
## other
# function signatures are not implemented
(CFUNCTYPE(None), "X{}", None, CFUNCTYPE(None)),
]
class BEPoint(BigEndianStructure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
class LEPoint(LittleEndianStructure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
################################################################
#
# This table contains format strings as they really look, on both big
# and little endian machines.
#
endian_types = [
(BEPoint, "T{>l:x:>l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, BEPoint),
(LEPoint, "T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, LEPoint),
(POINTER(BEPoint), "&T{>l:x:>l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, POINTER(BEPoint)),
(POINTER(LEPoint), "&T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), None, POINTER(LEPoint)),
]
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest
import pickle
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes_test
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_double)]
init_called = 0
def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
X.init_called += 1
self.x = 42
class Y(X):
_fields_ = [("str", c_char_p)]
class PickleTest:
def dumps(self, item):
return pickle.dumps(item, self.proto)
def loads(self, item):
return pickle.loads(item)
def test_simple(self):
for src in [
c_int(42),
c_double(3.14),
]:
dst = self.loads(self.dumps(src))
self.assertEqual(src.__dict__, dst.__dict__)
self.assertEqual(memoryview(src).tobytes(),
memoryview(dst).tobytes())
def test_struct(self):
X.init_called = 0
x = X()
x.a = 42
self.assertEqual(X.init_called, 1)
y = self.loads(self.dumps(x))
# loads must NOT call __init__
self.assertEqual(X.init_called, 1)
# ctypes instances are identical when the instance __dict__
# and the memory buffer are identical
self.assertEqual(y.__dict__, x.__dict__)
self.assertEqual(memoryview(y).tobytes(),
memoryview(x).tobytes())
def test_unpickable(self):
# ctypes objects that are pointers or contain pointers are
# unpickable.
self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: self.dumps(Y()))
prototype = CFUNCTYPE(c_int)
for item in [
c_char_p(),
c_wchar_p(),
c_void_p(),
pointer(c_int(42)),
dll._testfunc_p_p,
prototype(lambda: 42),
]:
self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: self.dumps(item))
def test_wchar(self):
self.dumps(c_char(b"x"))
# Issue 5049
self.dumps(c_wchar(u"x"))
for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
name = 'PickleTest_%s' % proto
globals()[name] = type(name,
(PickleTest, unittest.TestCase),
{'proto': proto})
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest, sys
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes_test
ctype_types = [c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint,
c_long, c_ulong, c_longlong, c_ulonglong, c_double, c_float]
python_types = [int, int, int, int, int, long,
int, long, long, long, float, float]
class PointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_pointer_crash(self):
class A(POINTER(c_ulong)):
pass
POINTER(c_ulong)(c_ulong(22))
# Pointer can't set contents: has no _type_
self.assertRaises(TypeError, A, c_ulong(33))
def test_pass_pointers(self):
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
func = dll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_long
i = c_int(12345678)
## func.argtypes = (POINTER(c_int),)
address = func(byref(i))
self.assertEqual(c_int.from_address(address).value, 12345678)
func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
res = func(pointer(i))
self.assertEqual(res.contents.value, 12345678)
self.assertEqual(res[0], 12345678)
def test_change_pointers(self):
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
func = dll._testfunc_p_p
i = c_int(87654)
func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
func.argtypes = (POINTER(c_int),)
res = func(pointer(i))
self.assertEqual(res[0], 87654)
self.assertEqual(res.contents.value, 87654)
# C code: *res = 54345
res[0] = 54345
self.assertEqual(i.value, 54345)
# C code:
# int x = 12321;
# res = &x
x = c_int(12321)
res.contents = x
self.assertEqual(i.value, 54345)
x.value = -99
self.assertEqual(res.contents.value, -99)
def test_callbacks_with_pointers(self):
# a function type receiving a pointer
PROTOTYPE = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_int))
self.result = []
def func(arg):
for i in range(10):
## print arg[i],
self.result.append(arg[i])
## print
return 0
callback = PROTOTYPE(func)
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
# This function expects a function pointer,
# and calls this with an integer pointer as parameter.
# The int pointer points to a table containing the numbers 1..10
doit = dll._testfunc_callback_with_pointer
## i = c_int(42)
## callback(byref(i))
## self.assertEqual(i.value, 84)
doit(callback)
## print self.result
doit(callback)
## print self.result
def test_basics(self):
from operator import delitem
for ct, pt in zip(ctype_types, python_types):
i = ct(42)
p = pointer(i)
## print type(p.contents), ct
self.assertIs(type(p.contents), ct)
# p.contents is the same as p[0]
## print p.contents
## self.assertEqual(p.contents, 42)
## self.assertEqual(p[0], 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, delitem, p, 0)
def test_from_address(self):
from array import array
a = array('i', [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
addr = a.buffer_info()[0]
p = POINTER(POINTER(c_int))
## print dir(p)
## print p.from_address
## print p.from_address(addr)[0][0]
def test_other(self):
class Table(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int),
("b", c_int),
("c", c_int)]
pt = pointer(Table(1, 2, 3))
self.assertEqual(pt.contents.a, 1)
self.assertEqual(pt.contents.b, 2)
self.assertEqual(pt.contents.c, 3)
pt.contents.c = 33
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[Table]
def test_basic(self):
p = pointer(c_int(42))
# Although a pointer can be indexed, it has no length
self.assertRaises(TypeError, len, p)
self.assertEqual(p[0], 42)
self.assertEqual(p[0:1], [42])
self.assertEqual(p.contents.value, 42)
def test_charpp(self):
"""Test that a character pointer-to-pointer is correctly passed"""
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
func = dll._testfunc_c_p_p
func.restype = c_char_p
argv = (c_char_p * 2)()
argc = c_int( 2 )
argv[0] = 'hello'
argv[1] = 'world'
result = func( byref(argc), argv )
assert result == 'world', result
def test_bug_1467852(self):
# http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=532154&aid=1467852&group_id=71702
x = c_int(5)
dummy = []
for i in range(32000):
dummy.append(c_int(i))
y = c_int(6)
p = pointer(x)
pp = pointer(p)
q = pointer(y)
pp[0] = q # <==
self.assertEqual(p[0], 6)
def test_c_void_p(self):
# http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=1518190&group_id=5470&atid=105470
if sizeof(c_void_p) == 4:
self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFL).value,
c_void_p(-1).value)
self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL).value,
c_void_p(-1).value)
elif sizeof(c_void_p) == 8:
self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFL).value,
0xFFFFFFFFL)
self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL).value,
c_void_p(-1).value)
self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL).value,
c_void_p(-1).value)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_void_p, 3.14) # make sure floats are NOT accepted
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_void_p, object()) # nor other objects
def test_pointers_bool(self):
# NULL pointers have a boolean False value, non-NULL pointers True.
self.assertEqual(bool(POINTER(c_int)()), False)
self.assertEqual(bool(pointer(c_int())), True)
self.assertEqual(bool(CFUNCTYPE(None)(0)), False)
self.assertEqual(bool(CFUNCTYPE(None)(42)), True)
# COM methods are boolean True:
if sys.platform == "win32":
mth = WINFUNCTYPE(None)(42, "name", (), None)
self.assertEqual(bool(mth), True)
def test_pointer_type_name(self):
LargeNamedType = type('T' * 2 ** 25, (Structure,), {})
self.assertTrue(POINTER(LargeNamedType))
# to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[LargeNamedType]
def test_pointer_type_str_name(self):
large_string = 'T' * 2 ** 25
P = POINTER(large_string)
self.assertTrue(P)
# to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[id(P)]
def test_abstract(self):
from ctypes import _Pointer
self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.set_type, 42)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import unittest
# IMPORTANT INFO:
#
# Consider this call:
# func.restype = c_char_p
# func(c_char_p("123"))
# It returns
# "123"
#
# WHY IS THIS SO?
#
# argument tuple (c_char_p("123"), ) is destroyed after the function
# func is called, but NOT before the result is actually built.
#
# If the arglist would be destroyed BEFORE the result has been built,
# the c_char_p("123") object would already have a zero refcount,
# and the pointer passed to (and returned by) the function would
# probably point to deallocated space.
#
# In this case, there would have to be an additional reference to the argument...
import _ctypes_test
testdll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
# Return machine address `a` as a (possibly long) non-negative integer.
# Starting with Python 2.5, id(anything) is always non-negative, and
# the ctypes addressof() inherits that via PyLong_FromVoidPtr().
def positive_address(a):
if a >= 0:
return a
# View the bits in `a` as unsigned instead.
import struct
num_bits = struct.calcsize("P") * 8 # num bits in native machine address
a += 1L << num_bits
assert a >= 0
return a
def c_wbuffer(init):
n = len(init) + 1
return (c_wchar * n)(*init)
class CharPointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_long
func.argtypes = None
def test_paramflags(self):
# function returns c_void_p result,
# and has a required parameter named 'input'
prototype = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p)
func = prototype(("_testfunc_p_p", testdll),
((1, "input"),))
try:
func()
except TypeError, details:
self.assertEqual(str(details), "required argument 'input' missing")
else:
self.fail("TypeError not raised")
self.assertEqual(func(None), None)
self.assertEqual(func(input=None), None)
def test_int_pointer_arg(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_long
self.assertEqual(0, func(0))
ci = c_int(0)
func.argtypes = POINTER(c_int),
self.assertEqual(positive_address(addressof(ci)),
positive_address(func(byref(ci))))
func.argtypes = c_char_p,
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
func.argtypes = POINTER(c_short),
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
func.argtypes = POINTER(c_double),
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
def test_POINTER_c_char_arg(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_char_p
func.argtypes = POINTER(c_char),
self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
self.assertEqual("123", func("123"))
self.assertEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_char_p("123")))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_buffer("123")))
ca = c_char("a")
self.assertEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
self.assertEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
def test_c_char_p_arg(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_char_p
func.argtypes = c_char_p,
self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
self.assertEqual("123", func("123"))
self.assertEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_char_p("123")))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_buffer("123")))
ca = c_char("a")
self.assertEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
self.assertEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
def test_c_void_p_arg(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_char_p
func.argtypes = c_void_p,
self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
self.assertEqual("123", func("123"))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_char_p("123")))
self.assertEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_buffer("123")))
ca = c_char("a")
self.assertEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
self.assertEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
func(byref(c_int()))
func(pointer(c_int()))
func((c_int * 3)())
@need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
def test_c_void_p_arg_with_c_wchar_p(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_wchar_p
func.argtypes = c_void_p,
self.assertEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
self.assertEqual(u"123", func(c_wchar_p(u"123")))
def test_instance(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_void_p
class X:
_as_parameter_ = None
func.argtypes = c_void_p,
self.assertEqual(None, func(X()))
func.argtypes = None
self.assertEqual(None, func(X()))
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
class WCharPointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_int
func.argtypes = None
def test_POINTER_c_wchar_arg(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_wchar_p
func.argtypes = POINTER(c_wchar),
self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
self.assertEqual(u"123", func(u"123"))
self.assertEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
self.assertEqual(u"123", func(c_wchar_p(u"123")))
self.assertEqual(u"123", func(c_wbuffer(u"123")))
ca = c_wchar("a")
self.assertEqual(u"a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
self.assertEqual(u"a", func(byref(ca))[0])
def test_c_wchar_p_arg(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
func.restype = c_wchar_p
func.argtypes = c_wchar_p,
c_wchar_p.from_param(u"123")
self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
self.assertEqual("123", func(u"123"))
self.assertEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wchar_p("123")))
# XXX Currently, these raise TypeErrors, although they shouldn't:
self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wbuffer("123")))
ca = c_wchar("a")
self.assertEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
self.assertEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
class ArrayTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
func = testdll._testfunc_ai8
func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
func.argtypes = c_int * 8,
func((c_int * 8)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8))
# This did crash before:
def func(): pass
CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int * 3)(func)
################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import unittest, sys
from ctypes.test import requires
################################################################
# This section should be moved into ctypes\__init__.py, when it's ready.
from _ctypes import PyObj_FromPtr
################################################################
from sys import getrefcount as grc
if sys.version_info > (2, 4):
c_py_ssize_t = c_size_t
else:
c_py_ssize_t = c_int
class PythonAPITestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_PyString_FromStringAndSize(self):
PyString_FromStringAndSize = pythonapi.PyString_FromStringAndSize
PyString_FromStringAndSize.restype = py_object
PyString_FromStringAndSize.argtypes = c_char_p, c_py_ssize_t
self.assertEqual(PyString_FromStringAndSize("abcdefghi", 3), "abc")
def test_PyString_FromString(self):
pythonapi.PyString_FromString.restype = py_object
pythonapi.PyString_FromString.argtypes = (c_char_p,)
s = "abc"
refcnt = grc(s)
pyob = pythonapi.PyString_FromString(s)
self.assertEqual(grc(s), refcnt)
self.assertEqual(s, pyob)
del pyob
self.assertEqual(grc(s), refcnt)
# This test is unreliable, because it is possible that code in
# unittest changes the refcount of the '42' integer. So, it
# is disabled by default.
def test_PyInt_Long(self):
requires("refcount")
ref42 = grc(42)
pythonapi.PyInt_FromLong.restype = py_object
self.assertEqual(pythonapi.PyInt_FromLong(42), 42)
self.assertEqual(grc(42), ref42)
pythonapi.PyInt_AsLong.argtypes = (py_object,)
pythonapi.PyInt_AsLong.restype = c_long
res = pythonapi.PyInt_AsLong(42)
self.assertEqual(grc(res), ref42 + 1)
del res
self.assertEqual(grc(42), ref42)
def test_PyObj_FromPtr(self):
s = "abc def ghi jkl"
ref = grc(s)
# id(python-object) is the address
pyobj = PyObj_FromPtr(id(s))
self.assertIs(s, pyobj)
self.assertEqual(grc(s), ref + 1)
del pyobj
self.assertEqual(grc(s), ref)
def test_PyOS_snprintf(self):
PyOS_snprintf = pythonapi.PyOS_snprintf
PyOS_snprintf.argtypes = POINTER(c_char), c_size_t, c_char_p
buf = c_buffer(256)
PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Hello from %s", "ctypes")
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "Hello from ctypes")
PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Hello from %s", "ctypes", 1, 2, 3)
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "Hello from ctypes")
# not enough arguments
self.assertRaises(TypeError, PyOS_snprintf, buf)
def test_pyobject_repr(self):
self.assertEqual(repr(py_object()), "py_object(<NULL>)")
self.assertEqual(repr(py_object(42)), "py_object(42)")
self.assertEqual(repr(py_object(object)), "py_object(%r)" % object)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import unittest, sys
def callback_func(arg):
42 // arg
raise ValueError(arg)
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
class call_function_TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
# _ctypes.call_function is deprecated and private, but used by
# Gary Bishp's readline module. If we have it, we must test it as well.
def test(self):
from _ctypes import call_function
windll.kernel32.LoadLibraryA.restype = c_void_p
windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.argtypes = c_void_p, c_char_p
windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.restype = c_void_p
hdll = windll.kernel32.LoadLibraryA("kernel32")
funcaddr = windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress(hdll, "GetModuleHandleA")
self.assertEqual(call_function(funcaddr, (None,)),
windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None))
class CallbackTracbackTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
# When an exception is raised in a ctypes callback function, the C
# code prints a traceback.
#
# This test makes sure the exception types *and* the exception
# value is printed correctly.
#
# Changed in 0.9.3: No longer is '(in callback)' prepended to the
# error message - instead an additional frame for the C code is
# created, then a full traceback printed. When SystemExit is
# raised in a callback function, the interpreter exits.
def capture_stderr(self, func, *args, **kw):
# helper - call function 'func', and return the captured stderr
import StringIO
old_stderr = sys.stderr
logger = sys.stderr = StringIO.StringIO()
try:
func(*args, **kw)
finally:
sys.stderr = old_stderr
return logger.getvalue()
def test_ValueError(self):
cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(callback_func)
out = self.capture_stderr(cb, 42)
self.assertEqual(out.splitlines()[-1],
"ValueError: 42")
def test_IntegerDivisionError(self):
cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(callback_func)
out = self.capture_stderr(cb, 0)
self.assertEqual(out.splitlines()[-1][:19],
"ZeroDivisionError: ")
def test_FloatDivisionError(self):
cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_double)(callback_func)
out = self.capture_stderr(cb, 0.0)
self.assertEqual(out.splitlines()[-1][:19],
"ZeroDivisionError: ")
def test_TypeErrorDivisionError(self):
cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_char_p)(callback_func)
out = self.capture_stderr(cb, "spam")
self.assertEqual(out.splitlines()[-1],
"TypeError: "
"unsupported operand type(s) for //: 'int' and 'str'")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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import unittest
import ctypes
import gc
MyCallback = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)
OtherCallback = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_ulonglong)
import _ctypes_test
dll = ctypes.CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
class RefcountTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_1(self):
from sys import getrefcount as grc
f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
f.restype = ctypes.c_int
f.argtypes = [ctypes.c_int, MyCallback]
def callback(value):
#print "called back with", value
return value
self.assertEqual(grc(callback), 2)
cb = MyCallback(callback)
self.assertGreater(grc(callback), 2)
result = f(-10, cb)
self.assertEqual(result, -18)
cb = None
gc.collect()
self.assertEqual(grc(callback), 2)
def test_refcount(self):
from sys import getrefcount as grc
def func(*args):
pass
# this is the standard refcount for func
self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
# the CFuncPtr instance holds at least one refcount on func:
f = OtherCallback(func)
self.assertGreater(grc(func), 2)
# and may release it again
del f
self.assertGreaterEqual(grc(func), 2)
# but now it must be gone
gc.collect()
self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
class X(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", OtherCallback)]
x = X()
x.a = OtherCallback(func)
# the CFuncPtr instance holds at least one refcount on func:
self.assertGreater(grc(func), 2)
# and may release it again
del x
self.assertGreaterEqual(grc(func), 2)
# and now it must be gone again
gc.collect()
self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
f = OtherCallback(func)
# the CFuncPtr instance holds at least one refcount on func:
self.assertGreater(grc(func), 2)
# create a cycle
f.cycle = f
del f
gc.collect()
self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
class AnotherLeak(unittest.TestCase):
def test_callback(self):
import sys
proto = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)
def func(a, b):
return a * b * 2
f = proto(func)
a = sys.getrefcount(ctypes.c_int)
f(1, 2)
self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(ctypes.c_int), a)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_repr.py Normal file
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from ctypes import *
import unittest
subclasses = []
for base in [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong,
c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong,
c_float, c_double, c_longdouble, c_bool]:
class X(base):
pass
subclasses.append(X)
class X(c_char):
pass
# This test checks if the __repr__ is correct for subclasses of simple types
class ReprTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_numbers(self):
for typ in subclasses:
base = typ.__bases__[0]
self.assertTrue(repr(base(42)).startswith(base.__name__))
self.assertEqual("<X object at", repr(typ(42))[:12])
def test_char(self):
self.assertEqual("c_char('x')", repr(c_char('x')))
self.assertEqual("<X object at", repr(X('x'))[:12])
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_returnfuncptrs.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
import os
import _ctypes_test
class ReturnFuncPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_with_prototype(self):
# The _ctypes_test shared lib/dll exports quite some functions for testing.
# The get_strchr function returns a *pointer* to the C strchr function.
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
get_strchr = dll.get_strchr
get_strchr.restype = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)
strchr = get_strchr()
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdef", "b"), "bcdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdef", "x"), None)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, "abcdef", 3)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, "abcdef")
def test_without_prototype(self):
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
get_strchr = dll.get_strchr
# the default 'c_int' would not work on systems where sizeof(int) != sizeof(void *)
get_strchr.restype = c_void_p
addr = get_strchr()
# _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with an integer argument
# which denotes a function address:
strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(addr)
self.assertTrue(strchr("abcdef", "b"), "bcdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdef", "x"), None)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, "abcdef", 3)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, "abcdef")
def test_from_dll(self):
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
# _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with a tuple argument
# which denotes a function name and a dll:
strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(("my_strchr", dll))
self.assertTrue(strchr(b"abcdef", b"b"), "bcdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"x"), None)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, b"abcdef", 3.0)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, b"abcdef")
# Issue 6083: Reference counting bug
def test_from_dll_refcount(self):
class BadSequence(tuple):
def __getitem__(self, key):
if key == 0:
return "my_strchr"
if key == 1:
return CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
raise IndexError
# _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with a tuple argument
# which denotes a function name and a dll:
strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(
BadSequence(("my_strchr", CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__))))
self.assertTrue(strchr(b"abcdef", b"b"), "bcdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"x"), None)
self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, b"abcdef", 3.0)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, b"abcdef")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_simplesubclasses.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
class MyInt(c_int):
def __cmp__(self, other):
if type(other) != MyInt:
return -1
return cmp(self.value, other.value)
def __hash__(self): # Silence Py3k warning
return hash(self.value)
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_compare(self):
self.assertEqual(MyInt(3), MyInt(3))
self.assertNotEqual(MyInt(42), MyInt(43))
def test_ignore_retval(self):
# Test if the return value of a callback is ignored
# if restype is None
proto = CFUNCTYPE(None)
def func():
return (1, "abc", None)
cb = proto(func)
self.assertEqual(None, cb())
def test_int_callback(self):
args = []
def func(arg):
args.append(arg)
return arg
cb = CFUNCTYPE(None, MyInt)(func)
self.assertEqual(None, cb(42))
self.assertEqual(type(args[-1]), MyInt)
cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(func)
self.assertEqual(42, cb(42))
self.assertEqual(type(args[-1]), int)
def test_int_struct(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", MyInt)]
self.assertEqual(X().x, MyInt())
s = X()
s.x = MyInt(42)
self.assertEqual(s.x, MyInt(42))
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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# Test specifically-sized containers.
from ctypes import *
import sys
import unittest
class SizesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_8(self):
self.assertEqual(1, sizeof(c_int8))
self.assertEqual(1, sizeof(c_uint8))
def test_16(self):
self.assertEqual(2, sizeof(c_int16))
self.assertEqual(2, sizeof(c_uint16))
def test_32(self):
self.assertEqual(4, sizeof(c_int32))
self.assertEqual(4, sizeof(c_uint32))
def test_64(self):
self.assertEqual(8, sizeof(c_int64))
self.assertEqual(8, sizeof(c_uint64))
def test_size_t(self):
self.assertEqual(sizeof(c_void_p), sizeof(c_size_t))
def test_ssize_t(self):
self.assertEqual(sizeof(c_void_p), sizeof(c_ssize_t))
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import _ctypes_test
class SlicesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_getslice_cint(self):
a = (c_int * 100)(*xrange(1100, 1200))
b = range(1100, 1200)
self.assertEqual(a[0:2], b[0:2])
self.assertEqual(a[0:2:], b[0:2:])
self.assertEqual(len(a), len(b))
self.assertEqual(a[5:7], b[5:7])
self.assertEqual(a[5:7:], b[5:7:])
self.assertEqual(a[-1], b[-1])
self.assertEqual(a[:], b[:])
self.assertEqual(a[::], b[::])
self.assertEqual(a[10::-1], b[10::-1])
self.assertEqual(a[30:20:-1], b[30:20:-1])
self.assertEqual(a[:12:6], b[:12:6])
self.assertEqual(a[2:6:4], b[2:6:4])
a[0:5] = range(5, 10)
self.assertEqual(a[0:5], range(5, 10))
self.assertEqual(a[0:5:], range(5, 10))
self.assertEqual(a[4::-1], range(9, 4, -1))
def test_setslice_cint(self):
a = (c_int * 100)(*xrange(1100, 1200))
b = range(1100, 1200)
a[32:47] = range(32, 47)
self.assertEqual(a[32:47], range(32, 47))
a[32:47] = range(132, 147)
self.assertEqual(a[32:47:], range(132, 147))
a[46:31:-1] = range(232, 247)
self.assertEqual(a[32:47:1], range(246, 231, -1))
a[32:47] = range(1132, 1147)
self.assertEqual(a[:], b)
a[32:47:7] = range(3)
b[32:47:7] = range(3)
self.assertEqual(a[:], b)
a[33::-3] = range(12)
b[33::-3] = range(12)
self.assertEqual(a[:], b)
from operator import setslice, setitem
# TypeError: int expected instead of str instance
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setslice, a, 0, 5, "abcde")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5), "abcde")
# TypeError: int expected instead of str instance
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setslice, a, 0, 5, ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5),
["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
# TypeError: int expected instead of float instance
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setslice, a, 0, 5, [1, 2, 3, 4, 3.14])
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5),
[1, 2, 3, 4, 3.14])
# ValueError: Can only assign sequence of same size
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setslice, a, 0, 5, range(32))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5), range(32))
def test_char_ptr(self):
s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
dll.my_strdup.restype = POINTER(c_char)
dll.my_free.restype = None
res = dll.my_strdup(s)
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)], s)
self.assertEqual(res[:3], s[:3])
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s):], s)
self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:-1:-1], s[::-1])
self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:5:-7], s[:5:-7])
self.assertEqual(res[0:-1:-1], s[0::-1])
import operator
self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
res, slice(None, None, None))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
res, slice(0, None, None))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
res, slice(None, 5, -1))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
res, slice(-5, None, None))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setslice,
res, 0, 5, u"abcde")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setitem,
res, slice(0, 5), u"abcde")
dll.my_free(res)
dll.my_strdup.restype = POINTER(c_byte)
res = dll.my_strdup(s)
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)], range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1))
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s):], range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1))
dll.my_free(res)
def test_char_ptr_with_free(self):
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
class allocated_c_char_p(c_char_p):
pass
dll.my_free.restype = None
def errcheck(result, func, args):
retval = result.value
dll.my_free(result)
return retval
dll.my_strdup.restype = allocated_c_char_p
dll.my_strdup.errcheck = errcheck
try:
res = dll.my_strdup(s)
self.assertEqual(res, s)
finally:
del dll.my_strdup.errcheck
def test_char_array(self):
s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
p = (c_char * 27)(*s)
self.assertEqual(p[:], s)
self.assertEqual(p[::], s)
self.assertEqual(p[::-1], s[::-1])
self.assertEqual(p[5::-2], s[5::-2])
self.assertEqual(p[2:5:-3], s[2:5:-3])
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_wchar_ptr(self):
s = u"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_wchar)
dll.my_wcsdup.argtypes = POINTER(c_wchar),
dll.my_free.restype = None
res = dll.my_wcsdup(s)
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)], s)
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s):], s)
self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:-1:-1], s[::-1])
self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:5:-7], s[:5:-7])
import operator
self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setslice,
res, 0, 5, u"abcde")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setitem,
res, slice(0, 5), u"abcde")
dll.my_free(res)
if sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_short):
dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_short)
elif sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_int):
dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_int)
elif sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_long):
dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_long)
else:
self.skipTest('Pointers to c_wchar are not supported')
res = dll.my_wcsdup(s)
tmpl = range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1)
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)-1], tmpl)
self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)-1:], tmpl)
self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-2:-1:-1], tmpl[::-1])
self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-2:5:-7], tmpl[:5:-7])
dll.my_free(res)
################################################################
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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import unittest
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes_test
lib = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
class StringPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test__POINTER_c_char(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("str", POINTER(c_char))]
x = X()
# NULL pointer access
self.assertRaises(ValueError, getattr, x.str, "contents")
b = c_buffer("Hello, World")
from sys import getrefcount as grc
self.assertEqual(grc(b), 2)
x.str = b
self.assertEqual(grc(b), 3)
# POINTER(c_char) and Python string is NOT compatible
# POINTER(c_char) and c_buffer() is compatible
for i in range(len(b)):
self.assertEqual(b[i], x.str[i])
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, x, "str", "Hello, World")
def test__c_char_p(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("str", c_char_p)]
x = X()
# c_char_p and Python string is compatible
# c_char_p and c_buffer is NOT compatible
self.assertEqual(x.str, None)
x.str = "Hello, World"
self.assertEqual(x.str, "Hello, World")
b = c_buffer("Hello, World")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, x, "str", b)
def test_functions(self):
strchr = lib.my_strchr
strchr.restype = c_char_p
# c_char_p and Python string is compatible
# c_char_p and c_buffer are now compatible
strchr.argtypes = c_char_p, c_char
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdef", "c"), "cdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr(c_buffer("abcdef"), "c"), "cdef")
# POINTER(c_char) and Python string is NOT compatible
# POINTER(c_char) and c_buffer() is compatible
strchr.argtypes = POINTER(c_char), c_char
buf = c_buffer("abcdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr(buf, "c"), "cdef")
self.assertEqual(strchr("abcdef", "c"), "cdef")
# XXX These calls are dangerous, because the first argument
# to strchr is no longer valid after the function returns!
# So we must keep a reference to buf separately
strchr.restype = POINTER(c_char)
buf = c_buffer("abcdef")
r = strchr(buf, "c")
x = r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4]
self.assertEqual(x, ("c", "d", "e", "f", "\000"))
del buf
# x1 will NOT be the same as x, usually:
x1 = r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4]
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

232
Lib/ctypes/test/test_strings.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
from test import test_support
class StringArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
BUF = c_char * 4
buf = BUF("a", "b", "c")
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "abc")
self.assertEqual(buf.raw, "abc\000")
buf.value = "ABCD"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "ABCD")
self.assertEqual(buf.raw, "ABCD")
buf.value = "x"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "x")
self.assertEqual(buf.raw, "x\000CD")
buf[1] = "Z"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "xZCD")
self.assertEqual(buf.raw, "xZCD")
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "value", "aaaaaaaa")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", 42)
def test_c_buffer_value(self, memoryview=memoryview):
buf = c_buffer(32)
buf.value = "Hello, World"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "Hello, World")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", memoryview("Hello, World"))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", memoryview("abc"))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "raw", memoryview("x" * 100))
def test_c_buffer_raw(self, memoryview=memoryview):
buf = c_buffer(32)
buf.raw = memoryview("Hello, World")
self.assertEqual(buf.value, "Hello, World")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", memoryview("abc"))
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "raw", memoryview("x" * 100))
def test_c_buffer_deprecated(self):
# Compatibility with 2.x
with test_support.check_py3k_warnings():
self.test_c_buffer_value(buffer)
self.test_c_buffer_raw(buffer)
def test_param_1(self):
BUF = c_char * 4
buf = BUF()
## print c_char_p.from_param(buf)
def test_param_2(self):
BUF = c_char * 4
buf = BUF()
## print BUF.from_param(c_char_p("python"))
## print BUF.from_param(BUF(*"pyth"))
def test_del_segfault(self):
BUF = c_char * 4
buf = BUF()
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
del buf.raw
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
class WStringArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
BUF = c_wchar * 4
buf = BUF(u"a", u"b", u"c")
self.assertEqual(buf.value, u"abc")
buf.value = u"ABCD"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, u"ABCD")
buf.value = u"x"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, u"x")
buf[1] = u"Z"
self.assertEqual(buf.value, u"xZCD")
class StringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_basic_strings(self):
cs = c_string("abcdef")
# Cannot call len on a c_string any longer
self.assertRaises(TypeError, len, cs)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(cs), 7)
# The value property is the string up to the first terminating NUL.
self.assertEqual(cs.value, "abcdef")
self.assertEqual(c_string("abc\000def").value, "abc")
# The raw property is the total buffer contents:
self.assertEqual(cs.raw, "abcdef\000")
self.assertEqual(c_string("abc\000def").raw, "abc\000def\000")
# We can change the value:
cs.value = "ab"
self.assertEqual(cs.value, "ab")
self.assertEqual(cs.raw, "ab\000\000\000\000\000")
cs.raw = "XY"
self.assertEqual(cs.value, "XY")
self.assertEqual(cs.raw, "XY\000\000\000\000\000")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_string, u"123")
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_sized_strings(self):
# New in releases later than 0.4.0:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_string, None)
# New in releases later than 0.4.0:
# c_string(number) returns an empty string of size number
self.assertEqual(len(c_string(32).raw), 32)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_string, -1)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_string, 0)
# These tests fail, because it is no longer initialized
## self.assertEqual(c_string(2).value, "")
## self.assertEqual(c_string(2).raw, "\000\000")
self.assertEqual(c_string(2).raw[-1], "\000")
self.assertEqual(len(c_string(2).raw), 2)
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_initialized_strings(self):
self.assertEqual(c_string("ab", 4).raw[:2], "ab")
self.assertEqual(c_string("ab", 4).raw[:2:], "ab")
self.assertEqual(c_string("ab", 4).raw[:2:-1], "ba")
self.assertEqual(c_string("ab", 4).raw[:2:2], "a")
self.assertEqual(c_string("ab", 4).raw[-1], "\000")
self.assertEqual(c_string("ab", 2).raw, "a\000")
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_toolong(self):
cs = c_string("abcdef")
# Much too long string:
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", "123456789012345")
# One char too long values:
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", "1234567")
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_perf(self):
check_perf()
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
class WStringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_wchar(self):
c_wchar(u"x")
repr(byref(c_wchar(u"x")))
c_wchar("x")
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_basic_wstrings(self):
cs = c_wstring(u"abcdef")
# XXX This behaviour is about to change:
# len returns the size of the internal buffer in bytes.
# This includes the terminating NUL character.
self.assertEqual(sizeof(cs), 14)
# The value property is the string up to the first terminating NUL.
self.assertEqual(cs.value, u"abcdef")
self.assertEqual(c_wstring(u"abc\000def").value, u"abc")
self.assertEqual(c_wstring(u"abc\000def").value, u"abc")
# The raw property is the total buffer contents:
self.assertEqual(cs.raw, u"abcdef\000")
self.assertEqual(c_wstring(u"abc\000def").raw, u"abc\000def\000")
# We can change the value:
cs.value = u"ab"
self.assertEqual(cs.value, u"ab")
self.assertEqual(cs.raw, u"ab\000\000\000\000\000")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wstring, "123")
self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_wstring, 0)
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_toolong(self):
cs = c_wstring(u"abcdef")
# Much too long string:
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", u"123456789012345")
# One char too long values:
self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", u"1234567")
def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg):
items = range(rep)
from time import clock
start = clock()
for i in items:
func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
stop = clock()
print "%20s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep))
def check_perf():
# Construct 5 objects
REP = 200000
run_test(REP, "c_string(None)", c_string, None)
run_test(REP, "c_string('abc')", c_string, 'abc')
# Python 2.3 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
#
# c_string(None): 1.75 us
# c_string('abc'): 2.74 us
# Python 2.2 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
#
# c_string(None): 2.95 us
# c_string('abc'): 3.67 us
if __name__ == '__main__':
## check_perf()
unittest.main()

74
Lib/ctypes/test/test_struct_fields.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
class StructFieldsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
# Structure/Union classes must get 'finalized' sooner or
# later, when one of these things happen:
#
# 1. _fields_ is set.
# 2. An instance is created.
# 3. The type is used as field of another Structure/Union.
# 4. The type is subclassed
#
# When they are finalized, assigning _fields_ is no longer allowed.
def test_1_A(self):
class X(Structure):
pass
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 0) # not finalized
X._fields_ = [] # finalized
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
def test_1_B(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [] # finalized
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
def test_2(self):
class X(Structure):
pass
X()
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
def test_3(self):
class X(Structure):
pass
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", X)] # finalizes X
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
def test_4(self):
class X(Structure):
pass
class Y(X):
pass
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
Y._fields_ = []
self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
# __set__ and __get__ should raise a TypeError in case their self
# argument is not a ctype instance.
def test___set__(self):
class MyCStruct(Structure):
_fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
MyCStruct.field.__set__, 'wrong type self', 42)
class MyCUnion(Union):
_fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
MyCUnion.field.__set__, 'wrong type self', 42)
def test___get__(self):
class MyCStruct(Structure):
_fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
MyCStruct.field.__get__, 'wrong type self', 42)
class MyCUnion(Union):
_fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
self.assertRaises(TypeError,
MyCUnion.field.__get__, 'wrong type self', 42)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

498
Lib/ctypes/test/test_structures.py Normal file
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import unittest
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
from struct import calcsize
import _testcapi
import _ctypes_test
class SubclassesTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_subclass(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
class Y(X):
_fields_ = [("b", c_int)]
class Z(X):
pass
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(c_int)*2)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(Z), sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(X._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
self.assertEqual(Y._fields_, [("b", c_int)])
self.assertEqual(Z._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
def test_subclass_delayed(self):
class X(Structure):
pass
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 0)
X._fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
class Y(X):
pass
self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(X))
Y._fields_ = [("b", c_int)]
class Z(X):
pass
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(c_int)*2)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(Z), sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(X._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
self.assertEqual(Y._fields_, [("b", c_int)])
self.assertEqual(Z._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
class StructureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
formats = {"c": c_char,
"b": c_byte,
"B": c_ubyte,
"h": c_short,
"H": c_ushort,
"i": c_int,
"I": c_uint,
"l": c_long,
"L": c_ulong,
"q": c_longlong,
"Q": c_ulonglong,
"f": c_float,
"d": c_double,
}
def test_simple_structs(self):
for code, tp in self.formats.items():
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_char),
("y", tp)]
self.assertEqual((sizeof(X), code),
(calcsize("c%c0%c" % (code, code)), code))
def test_unions(self):
for code, tp in self.formats.items():
class X(Union):
_fields_ = [("x", c_char),
("y", tp)]
self.assertEqual((sizeof(X), code),
(calcsize("%c" % (code)), code))
def test_struct_alignment(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_char * 3)]
self.assertEqual(alignment(X), calcsize("s"))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), calcsize("3s"))
class Y(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_char * 3),
("y", c_int)]
self.assertEqual(alignment(Y), alignment(c_int))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), calcsize("3si"))
class SI(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", X),
("b", Y)]
self.assertEqual(alignment(SI), max(alignment(Y), alignment(X)))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(SI), calcsize("3s0i 3si 0i"))
class IS(Structure):
_fields_ = [("b", Y),
("a", X)]
self.assertEqual(alignment(SI), max(alignment(X), alignment(Y)))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(IS), calcsize("3si 3s 0i"))
class XX(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", X),
("b", X)]
self.assertEqual(alignment(XX), alignment(X))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(XX), calcsize("3s 3s 0s"))
def test_empty(self):
# I had problems with these
#
# Although these are pathological cases: Empty Structures!
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = []
class Y(Union):
_fields_ = []
# Is this really the correct alignment, or should it be 0?
self.assertTrue(alignment(X) == alignment(Y) == 1)
self.assertTrue(sizeof(X) == sizeof(Y) == 0)
class XX(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", X),
("b", X)]
self.assertEqual(alignment(XX), 1)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(XX), 0)
def test_fields(self):
# test the offset and size attributes of Structure/Unoin fields.
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("y", c_char)]
self.assertEqual(X.x.offset, 0)
self.assertEqual(X.x.size, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(X.y.offset, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(X.y.size, sizeof(c_char))
# readonly
self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "offset", 92)
self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "size", 92)
class X(Union):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("y", c_char)]
self.assertEqual(X.x.offset, 0)
self.assertEqual(X.x.size, sizeof(c_int))
self.assertEqual(X.y.offset, 0)
self.assertEqual(X.y.size, sizeof(c_char))
# readonly
self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "offset", 92)
self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "size", 92)
# XXX Should we check nested data types also?
# offset is always relative to the class...
def test_packed(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
("b", c_longlong)]
_pack_ = 1
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 9)
self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, 1)
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
("b", c_longlong)]
_pack_ = 2
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 10)
self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, 2)
import struct
longlong_size = struct.calcsize("q")
longlong_align = struct.calcsize("bq") - longlong_size
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
("b", c_longlong)]
_pack_ = 4
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), min(4, longlong_align) + longlong_size)
self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, min(4, longlong_align))
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
("b", c_longlong)]
_pack_ = 8
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), min(8, longlong_align) + longlong_size)
self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, min(8, longlong_align))
d = {"_fields_": [("a", "b"),
("b", "q")],
"_pack_": -1}
self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
# Issue 15989
d = {"_fields_": [("a", c_byte)],
"_pack_": _testcapi.INT_MAX + 1}
self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
d = {"_fields_": [("a", c_byte)],
"_pack_": _testcapi.UINT_MAX + 2}
self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
def test_initializers(self):
class Person(Structure):
_fields_ = [("name", c_char*6),
("age", c_int)]
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Person, 42)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, Person, "asldkjaslkdjaslkdj")
self.assertRaises(TypeError, Person, "Name", "HI")
# short enough
self.assertEqual(Person("12345", 5).name, "12345")
# exact fit
self.assertEqual(Person("123456", 5).name, "123456")
# too long
self.assertRaises(ValueError, Person, "1234567", 5)
def test_conflicting_initializers(self):
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
# conflicting positional and keyword args
self.assertRaises(TypeError, POINT, 2, 3, x=4)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, POINT, 2, 3, y=4)
# too many initializers
self.assertRaises(TypeError, POINT, 2, 3, 4)
def test_keyword_initializers(self):
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
pt = POINT(1, 2)
self.assertEqual((pt.x, pt.y), (1, 2))
pt = POINT(y=2, x=1)
self.assertEqual((pt.x, pt.y), (1, 2))
def test_invalid_field_types(self):
class POINT(Structure):
pass
self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, POINT, "_fields_", [("x", 1), ("y", 2)])
def test_invalid_name(self):
# field name must be string
def declare_with_name(name):
class S(Structure):
_fields_ = [(name, c_int)]
self.assertRaises(TypeError, declare_with_name, u"x\xe9")
def test_intarray_fields(self):
class SomeInts(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int * 4)]
# can use tuple to initialize array (but not list!)
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[:], [1, 2, 0, 0])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[::], [1, 2, 0, 0])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[::-1], [0, 0, 2, 1])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[::2], [1, 0])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[1:5:6], [2])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[6:4:-1], [])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2, 3, 4)).a[:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2, 3, 4)).a[::], [1, 2, 3, 4])
# too long
# XXX Should raise ValueError?, not RuntimeError
self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, SomeInts, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
def test_nested_initializers(self):
# test initializing nested structures
class Phone(Structure):
_fields_ = [("areacode", c_char*6),
("number", c_char*12)]
class Person(Structure):
_fields_ = [("name", c_char * 12),
("phone", Phone),
("age", c_int)]
p = Person("Someone", ("1234", "5678"), 5)
self.assertEqual(p.name, "Someone")
self.assertEqual(p.phone.areacode, "1234")
self.assertEqual(p.phone.number, "5678")
self.assertEqual(p.age, 5)
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
def test_structures_with_wchar(self):
class PersonW(Structure):
_fields_ = [("name", c_wchar * 12),
("age", c_int)]
p = PersonW(u"Someone")
self.assertEqual(p.name, "Someone")
self.assertEqual(PersonW(u"1234567890").name, u"1234567890")
self.assertEqual(PersonW(u"12345678901").name, u"12345678901")
# exact fit
self.assertEqual(PersonW(u"123456789012").name, u"123456789012")
#too long
self.assertRaises(ValueError, PersonW, u"1234567890123")
def test_init_errors(self):
class Phone(Structure):
_fields_ = [("areacode", c_char*6),
("number", c_char*12)]
class Person(Structure):
_fields_ = [("name", c_char * 12),
("phone", Phone),
("age", c_int)]
cls, msg = self.get_except(Person, "Someone", (1, 2))
self.assertEqual(cls, RuntimeError)
# In Python 2.5, Exception is a new-style class, and the repr changed
if issubclass(Exception, object):
self.assertEqual(msg,
"(Phone) <type 'exceptions.TypeError'>: "
"expected string or Unicode object, int found")
else:
# Compatibility no longer strictly required
self.assertEqual(msg,
"(Phone) exceptions.TypeError: "
"expected string or Unicode object, int found")
cls, msg = self.get_except(Person, "Someone", ("a", "b", "c"))
self.assertEqual(cls, RuntimeError)
if issubclass(Exception, object):
self.assertEqual(msg,
"(Phone) <type 'exceptions.TypeError'>: too many initializers")
else:
self.assertEqual(msg, "(Phone) exceptions.TypeError: too many initializers")
def test_huge_field_name(self):
# issue12881: segfault with large structure field names
def create_class(length):
class S(Structure):
_fields_ = [('x' * length, c_int)]
for length in [10 ** i for i in range(0, 8)]:
try:
create_class(length)
except MemoryError:
# MemoryErrors are OK, we just don't want to segfault
pass
def get_except(self, func, *args):
try:
func(*args)
except Exception, detail:
return detail.__class__, str(detail)
@unittest.skip('test disabled')
def test_subclass_creation(self):
meta = type(Structure)
# same as 'class X(Structure): pass'
# fails, since we need either a _fields_ or a _abstract_ attribute
cls, msg = self.get_except(meta, "X", (Structure,), {})
self.assertEqual((cls, msg),
(AttributeError, "class must define a '_fields_' attribute"))
def test_abstract_class(self):
class X(Structure):
_abstract_ = "something"
# try 'X()'
cls, msg = self.get_except(eval, "X()", locals())
self.assertEqual((cls, msg), (TypeError, "abstract class"))
def test_methods(self):
## class X(Structure):
## _fields_ = []
self.assertIn("in_dll", dir(type(Structure)))
self.assertIn("from_address", dir(type(Structure)))
self.assertIn("in_dll", dir(type(Structure)))
def test_positional_args(self):
# see also http://bugs.python.org/issue5042
class W(Structure):
_fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
class X(W):
_fields_ = [("c", c_int)]
class Y(X):
pass
class Z(Y):
_fields_ = [("d", c_int), ("e", c_int), ("f", c_int)]
z = Z(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
self.assertEqual((z.a, z.b, z.c, z.d, z.e, z.f),
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
z = Z(1)
self.assertEqual((z.a, z.b, z.c, z.d, z.e, z.f),
(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: Z(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7))
def test_pass_by_value(self):
# This should mirror the structure in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [
('first', c_ulong),
('second', c_ulong),
('third', c_ulong),
]
s = X()
s.first = 0xdeadbeef
s.second = 0xcafebabe
s.third = 0x0bad1dea
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
func = dll._testfunc_large_struct_update_value
func.argtypes = (X,)
func.restype = None
func(s)
self.assertEqual(s.first, 0xdeadbeef)
self.assertEqual(s.second, 0xcafebabe)
self.assertEqual(s.third, 0x0bad1dea)
class PointerMemberTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
# a Structure with a POINTER field
class S(Structure):
_fields_ = [("array", POINTER(c_int))]
s = S()
# We can assign arrays of the correct type
s.array = (c_int * 3)(1, 2, 3)
items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
self.assertEqual(items, [1, 2, 3])
# The following are bugs, but are included here because the unittests
# also describe the current behaviour.
#
# This fails with SystemError: bad arg to internal function
# or with IndexError (with a patch I have)
s.array[0] = 42
items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
self.assertEqual(items, [42, 2, 3])
s.array[0] = 1
## s.array[1] = 42
items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
self.assertEqual(items, [1, 2, 3])
def test_none_to_pointer_fields(self):
class S(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("p", POINTER(c_int))]
s = S()
s.x = 12345678
s.p = None
self.assertEqual(s.x, 12345678)
class TestRecursiveStructure(unittest.TestCase):
def test_contains_itself(self):
class Recursive(Structure):
pass
try:
Recursive._fields_ = [("next", Recursive)]
except AttributeError, details:
self.assertIn("Structure or union cannot contain itself",
str(details))
else:
self.fail("Structure or union cannot contain itself")
def test_vice_versa(self):
class First(Structure):
pass
class Second(Structure):
pass
First._fields_ = [("second", Second)]
try:
Second._fields_ = [("first", First)]
except AttributeError, details:
self.assertIn("_fields_ is final", str(details))
else:
self.fail("AttributeError not raised")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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Lib/ctypes/test/test_unaligned_structures.py Normal file
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import sys, unittest
from ctypes import *
structures = []
byteswapped_structures = []
if sys.byteorder == "little":
SwappedStructure = BigEndianStructure
else:
SwappedStructure = LittleEndianStructure
for typ in [c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong,
c_float, c_double,
c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong]:
class X(Structure):
_pack_ = 1
_fields_ = [("pad", c_byte),
("value", typ)]
class Y(SwappedStructure):
_pack_ = 1
_fields_ = [("pad", c_byte),
("value", typ)]
structures.append(X)
byteswapped_structures.append(Y)
class TestStructures(unittest.TestCase):
def test_native(self):
for typ in structures:
## print typ.value
self.assertEqual(typ.value.offset, 1)
o = typ()
o.value = 4
self.assertEqual(o.value, 4)
def test_swapped(self):
for typ in byteswapped_structures:
## print >> sys.stderr, typ.value
self.assertEqual(typ.value.offset, 1)
o = typ()
o.value = 4
self.assertEqual(o.value, 4)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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# coding: latin-1
import unittest
import ctypes
from ctypes.test import need_symbol
import _ctypes_test
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
class UnicodeTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
dll = ctypes.CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
cls.wcslen = dll.my_wcslen
cls.wcslen.argtypes = [ctypes.c_wchar_p]
def setUp(self):
self.prev_conv_mode = ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
def tearDown(self):
ctypes.set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
def test_ascii_strict(self):
wcslen = self.wcslen
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
# no conversions take place with unicode arguments
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
# string args are converted
self.assertEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
self.assertRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError, wcslen, "ab<EFBFBD>")
def test_ascii_replace(self):
wcslen = self.wcslen
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen("ab<EFBFBD>"), 3)
def test_ascii_ignore(self):
wcslen = self.wcslen
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
# ignore error mode skips non-ascii characters
self.assertEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen("<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>"), 0)
def test_latin1_strict(self):
wcslen = self.wcslen
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("latin-1", "strict")
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
self.assertEqual(wcslen("<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>"), 4)
def test_buffers(self):
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("abc")
self.assertEqual(len(buf), 3+1)
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("ab<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>")
self.assertEqual(buf[:], u"ab\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::], u"ab\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::-1], u"\0\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFDba")
self.assertEqual(buf[::2], u"a\uFFFD\uFFFD")
self.assertEqual(buf[6:5:-1], u"")
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("ab<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>")
# is that correct? not sure. But with 'ignore', you get what you pay for..
self.assertEqual(buf[:], u"ab\0\0\0\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::], u"ab\0\0\0\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::-1], u"\0\0\0\0ba")
self.assertEqual(buf[::2], u"a\0\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[6:5:-1], u"")
@need_symbol('c_wchar')
class StringTestCase(UnicodeTestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
super(StringTestCase, cls).setUpClass()
cls.func = ctypes.CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)._testfunc_p_p
def setUp(self):
func = self.func
self.prev_conv_mode = ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
func.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
func.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
def tearDown(self):
func = self.func
ctypes.set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
func.argtypes = None
func.restype = ctypes.c_int
def test_ascii_strict(self):
func = self.func
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
self.assertEqual(func("abc"), "abc")
self.assertEqual(func(u"abc"), "abc")
self.assertRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError, func, u"ab<EFBFBD>")
def test_ascii_ignore(self):
func = self.func
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
self.assertEqual(func("abc"), "abc")
self.assertEqual(func(u"abc"), "abc")
self.assertEqual(func(u"<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>"), "")
def test_ascii_replace(self):
func = self.func
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
self.assertEqual(func("abc"), "abc")
self.assertEqual(func(u"abc"), "abc")
self.assertEqual(func(u"<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>"), "????")
def test_buffers(self):
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(u"abc")
self.assertEqual(len(buf), 3+1)
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(u"ab<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>")
self.assertEqual(buf[:], "ab???\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::], "ab???\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::-1], "\0???ba")
self.assertEqual(buf[::2], "a??")
self.assertEqual(buf[6:5:-1], "")
ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(u"ab<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>")
# is that correct? not sure. But with 'ignore', you get what you pay for..
self.assertEqual(buf[:], "ab\0\0\0\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::], "ab\0\0\0\0")
self.assertEqual(buf[::-1], "\0\0\0\0ba")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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"""
A testcase which accesses *values* in a dll.
"""
import unittest
import sys
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes_test
class ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_an_integer(self):
ctdll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
an_integer = c_int.in_dll(ctdll, "an_integer")
x = an_integer.value
self.assertEqual(x, ctdll.get_an_integer())
an_integer.value *= 2
self.assertEqual(x*2, ctdll.get_an_integer())
def test_undefined(self):
ctdll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, ctdll, "Undefined_Symbol")
class PythonValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
"""This test only works when python itself is a dll/shared library"""
def test_optimizeflag(self):
# This test accesses the Py_OptimizeFlag intger, which is
# exported by the Python dll.
# It's value is set depending on the -O and -OO flags:
# if not given, it is 0 and __debug__ is 1.
# If -O is given, the flag is 1, for -OO it is 2.
# docstrings are also removed in the latter case.
opt = c_int.in_dll(pythonapi, "Py_OptimizeFlag").value
if __debug__:
self.assertEqual(opt, 0)
elif ValuesTestCase.__doc__ is not None:
self.assertEqual(opt, 1)
else:
self.assertEqual(opt, 2)
def test_frozentable(self):
# Python exports a PyImport_FrozenModules symbol. This is a
# pointer to an array of struct _frozen entries. The end of the
# array is marked by an entry containing a NULL name and zero
# size.
# In standard Python, this table contains a __hello__
# module, and a __phello__ package containing a spam
# module.
class struct_frozen(Structure):
_fields_ = [("name", c_char_p),
("code", POINTER(c_ubyte)),
("size", c_int)]
FrozenTable = POINTER(struct_frozen)
ft = FrozenTable.in_dll(pythonapi, "PyImport_FrozenModules")
# ft is a pointer to the struct_frozen entries:
items = []
for entry in ft:
# This is dangerous. We *can* iterate over a pointer, but
# the loop will not terminate (maybe with an access
# violation;-) because the pointer instance has no size.
if entry.name is None:
break
items.append((entry.name, entry.size))
expected = [("__hello__", 104),
("__phello__", -104),
("__phello__.spam", 104)]
self.assertEqual(items, expected)
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[struct_frozen]
def test_undefined(self):
self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, pythonapi,
"Undefined_Symbol")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

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from ctypes import *
import unittest
class VarSizeTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_resize(self):
class X(Structure):
_fields_ = [("item", c_int),
("array", c_int * 1)]
self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int) * 2)
x = X()
x.item = 42
x.array[0] = 100
self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), sizeof(c_int) * 2)
# make room for one additional item
new_size = sizeof(X) + sizeof(c_int) * 1
resize(x, new_size)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), new_size)
self.assertEqual((x.item, x.array[0]), (42, 100))
# make room for 10 additional items
new_size = sizeof(X) + sizeof(c_int) * 9
resize(x, new_size)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), new_size)
self.assertEqual((x.item, x.array[0]), (42, 100))
# make room for one additional item
new_size = sizeof(X) + sizeof(c_int) * 1
resize(x, new_size)
self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), new_size)
self.assertEqual((x.item, x.array[0]), (42, 100))
def test_array_invalid_length(self):
# cannot create arrays with non-positive size
self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: c_int * -1)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: c_int * -3)
def test_zerosized_array(self):
array = (c_int * 0)()
# accessing elements of zero-sized arrays raise IndexError
self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__setitem__, 0, None)
self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__getitem__, 0)
self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__setitem__, 1, None)
self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__getitem__, 1)
self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__setitem__, -1, None)
self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__getitem__, -1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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# Windows specific tests
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.test import requires
import unittest, sys
from test import test_support as support
import _ctypes_test
# Only windows 32-bit has different calling conventions.
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
@unittest.skipUnless(sizeof(c_void_p) == sizeof(c_int),
"sizeof c_void_p and c_int differ")
class WindowsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_callconv_1(self):
# Testing stdcall function
IsWindow = windll.user32.IsWindow
# ValueError: Procedure probably called with not enough arguments
# (4 bytes missing)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, IsWindow)
# This one should succeed...
self.assertEqual(0, IsWindow(0))
# ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments
# (8 bytes in excess)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, IsWindow, 0, 0, 0)
def test_callconv_2(self):
# Calling stdcall function as cdecl
IsWindow = cdll.user32.IsWindow
# ValueError: Procedure called with not enough arguments
# (4 bytes missing) or wrong calling convention
self.assertRaises(ValueError, IsWindow, None)
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
class FunctionCallTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skipUnless('MSC' in sys.version, "SEH only supported by MSC")
@unittest.skipIf(sys.executable.endswith('_d.exe'),
"SEH not enabled in debug builds")
def test_SEH(self):
requires("SEH")
# Call functions with invalid arguments, and make sure
# that access violations are trapped and raise an
# exception.
self.assertRaises(WindowsError, windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA, 32)
def test_noargs(self):
# This is a special case on win32 x64
windll.user32.GetDesktopWindow()
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
class ReturnStructSizesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_sizes(self):
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
for i in range(1, 11):
fields = [ ("f%d" % f, c_char) for f in range(1, i + 1)]
class S(Structure):
_fields_ = fields
f = getattr(dll, "TestSize%d" % i)
f.restype = S
res = f()
for i, f in enumerate(fields):
value = getattr(res, f[0])
expected = chr(ord('a') + i)
self.assertEquals(value, expected)
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
class TestWintypes(unittest.TestCase):
def test_HWND(self):
from ctypes import wintypes
self.assertEqual(sizeof(wintypes.HWND), sizeof(c_void_p))
def test_PARAM(self):
from ctypes import wintypes
self.assertEqual(sizeof(wintypes.WPARAM),
sizeof(c_void_p))
self.assertEqual(sizeof(wintypes.LPARAM),
sizeof(c_void_p))
def test_COMError(self):
from _ctypes import COMError
if support.HAVE_DOCSTRINGS:
self.assertEqual(COMError.__doc__,
"Raised when a COM method call failed.")
ex = COMError(-1, "text", ("details",))
self.assertEqual(ex.hresult, -1)
self.assertEqual(ex.text, "text")
self.assertEqual(ex.details, ("details",))
class Structures(unittest.TestCase):
def test_struct_by_value(self):
class POINT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("x", c_long),
("y", c_long)]
class RECT(Structure):
_fields_ = [("left", c_long),
("top", c_long),
("right", c_long),
("bottom", c_long)]
dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
pt = POINT(15, 25)
left = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'left')
top = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'top')
right = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'right')
bottom = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'bottom')
rect = RECT(left, top, right, bottom)
PointInRect = dll.PointInRect
PointInRect.argtypes = [POINTER(RECT), POINT]
self.assertEqual(1, PointInRect(byref(rect), pt))
ReturnRect = dll.ReturnRect
ReturnRect.argtypes = [c_int, RECT, POINTER(RECT), POINT, RECT,
POINTER(RECT), POINT, RECT]
ReturnRect.restype = RECT
for i in range(4):
ret = ReturnRect(i, rect, pointer(rect), pt, rect,
byref(rect), pt, rect)
# the c function will check and modify ret if something is
# passed in improperly
self.assertEqual(ret.left, left.value)
self.assertEqual(ret.right, right.value)
self.assertEqual(ret.top, top.value)
self.assertEqual(ret.bottom, bottom.value)
# to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
del _pointer_type_cache[RECT]
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

41
Lib/ctypes/test/test_wintypes.py Normal file
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import sys
import unittest
from ctypes import *
@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith('win'), 'Windows-only test')
class WinTypesTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_variant_bool(self):
from ctypes import wintypes
# reads 16-bits from memory, anything non-zero is True
for true_value in (1, 32767, 32768, 65535, 65537):
true = POINTER(c_int16)(c_int16(true_value))
value = cast(true, POINTER(wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL))
self.assertEqual(repr(value.contents), 'VARIANT_BOOL(True)')
vb = wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL()
self.assertIs(vb.value, False)
vb.value = True
self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
vb.value = true_value
self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
for false_value in (0, 65536, 262144, 2**33):
false = POINTER(c_int16)(c_int16(false_value))
value = cast(false, POINTER(wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL))
self.assertEqual(repr(value.contents), 'VARIANT_BOOL(False)')
# allow any bool conversion on assignment to value
for set_value in (65536, 262144, 2**33):
vb = wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL()
vb.value = set_value
self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
vb = wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL()
vb.value = [2, 3]
self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
vb.value = []
self.assertIs(vb.value, False)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()