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.. highlightlang:: sh
.. ATTENTION: You probably should update Misc/python.man, too, if you modify
this file.
.. _using-on-general:
Command line and environment
============================
The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various
settings.
.. impl-detail::
Other implementations' command line schemes may differ. See
:ref:`implementations` for further resources.
.. _using-on-cmdline:
Command line
------------
When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options::
python [-bBdEiOQsRStuUvVWxX3?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]
The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script::
python myscript.py
.. _using-on-interface-options:
Interface options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some
additional methods of invocation:
* When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can
produce that with :kbd:`Ctrl-D` on UNIX or :kbd:`Ctrl-Z, Enter` on Windows) is read.
* When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it
reads and executes a script from that file.
* When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an
appropriately named script from that directory.
* When called with ``-c command``, it executes the Python statement(s) given as
*command*. Here *command* may contain multiple statements separated by
newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
* When called with ``-m module-name``, the given module is located on the
Python module path and executed as a script.
In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.
An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter,
all consecutive arguments will end up in :data:`sys.argv` -- note that the first
element, subscript zero (``sys.argv[0]``), is a string reflecting the program's
source.
.. cmdoption:: -c <command>
Execute the Python code in *command*. *command* can be one or more
statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in
normal module code.
If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be
``"-c"`` and the current directory will be added to the start of
:data:`sys.path` (allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top
level modules).
.. cmdoption:: -m <module-name>
Search :data:`sys.path` for the named module and execute its contents as
the :mod:`__main__` module.
Since the argument is a *module* name, you must not give a file extension
(``.py``). The ``module-name`` should be a valid Python module name, but
the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to
use a name that includes a hyphen).
Package names are also permitted. When a package name is supplied instead
of a normal module, the interpreter will execute ``<pkg>.__main__`` as
the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling
of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the
script argument.
.. note::
This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules
written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it
can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source
file is not available.
If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be the
full path to the module file. As with the :option:`-c` option, the current
directory will be added to the start of :data:`sys.path`.
Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution
as a script. An example is the :mod:`timeit` module::
python -mtimeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here'
python -mtimeit -h # for details
.. seealso::
:func:`runpy.run_module`
Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
:pep:`338` -- Executing modules as scripts
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
The named module can now be located inside a package.
.. versionchanged:: 2.7
Supply the package name to run a ``__main__`` submodule.
sys.argv[0] is now set to ``"-m"`` while searching for the module
(it was previously incorrectly set to ``"-c"``)
.. describe:: -
Read commands from standard input (:data:`sys.stdin`). If standard input is
a terminal, :option:`-i` is implied.
If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be
``"-"`` and the current directory will be added to the start of
:data:`sys.path`.
.. seealso::
:func:`runpy.run_path`
Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
.. describe:: <script>
Execute the Python code contained in *script*, which must be a filesystem
path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory
containing a ``__main__.py`` file, or a zipfile containing a
``__main__.py`` file.
If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be the
script name as given on the command line.
If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory
containing that file is added to the start of :data:`sys.path`, and the
file is executed as the :mod:`__main__` module.
If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is
added to the start of :data:`sys.path` and the ``__main__.py`` file in
that location is executed as the :mod:`__main__` module.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
Directories and zipfiles containing a ``__main__.py`` file at the top
level are now considered valid Python scripts.
If no interface option is given, :option:`-i` is implied, ``sys.argv[0]`` is
an empty string (``""``) and the current directory will be added to the
start of :data:`sys.path`.
.. seealso:: :ref:`tut-invoking`
Generic options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. cmdoption:: -?
-h
--help
Print a short description of all command line options.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
The ``--help`` variant.
.. cmdoption:: -V
--version
Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be::
Python 2.5.1
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
The ``--version`` variant.
Miscellaneous options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. cmdoption:: -b
Issue a warning when comparing :class:`unicode` with :class:`bytearray`.
Issue an error when the option is given twice (:option:`!-bb`).
Note that, unlike the corresponding Python 3.x flag, this will **not** emit
warnings for comparisons between :class:`str` and :class:`unicode`.
Instead, the ``str`` instance will be implicitly decoded to ``unicode`` and
Unicode comparison used.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. cmdoption:: -B
If given, Python won't try to write ``.pyc`` or ``.pyo`` files on the
import of source modules. See also :envvar:`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. cmdoption:: -d
Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation
options). See also :envvar:`PYTHONDEBUG`.
.. cmdoption:: -E
Ignore all :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment variables, e.g.
:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` and :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, that might be set.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cmdoption:: -i
When a script is passed as first argument or the :option:`-c` option is used,
enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when
:data:`sys.stdin` does not appear to be a terminal. The
:envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` file is not read.
This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script
raises an exception. See also :envvar:`PYTHONINSPECT`.
.. _using-on-optimizations:
.. cmdoption:: -O
Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for
compiled (:term:`bytecode`) files from ``.pyc`` to ``.pyo``. See also
:envvar:`PYTHONOPTIMIZE`.
.. cmdoption:: -OO
Discard docstrings in addition to the :option:`-O` optimizations.
.. cmdoption:: -Q <arg>
Division control. The argument must be one of the following:
``old``
division of int/int and long/long return an int or long (*default*)
``new``
new division semantics, i.e. division of int/int and long/long returns a
float
``warn``
old division semantics with a warning for int/int and long/long
``warnall``
old division semantics with a warning for all uses of the division operator
.. seealso::
:file:`Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py`
for a use of ``warnall``
:pep:`238` -- Changing the division operator
.. cmdoption:: -R
Turn on hash randomization, so that the :meth:`__hash__` values of str,
bytes and datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable random value.
Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are
not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.
This is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by
carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict
construction, O(n^2) complexity. See
http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
Changing hash values affects the order in which keys are retrieved from a
dict. Although Python has never made guarantees about this ordering (and it
typically varies between 32-bit and 64-bit builds), enough real-world code
implicitly relies on this non-guaranteed behavior that the randomization is
disabled by default.
See also :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6.8
.. cmdoption:: -s
Don't add the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>` to
:data:`sys.path`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. seealso::
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
.. cmdoption:: -S
Disable the import of the module :mod:`site` and the site-dependent
manipulations of :data:`sys.path` that it entails.
.. cmdoption:: -t
Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for indentation in a
way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab expressed in spaces. Issue an
error when the option is given twice (:option:`!-tt`).
.. cmdoption:: -u
Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. On systems where it
matters, also put stdin, stdout and stderr in binary mode.
Note that there is internal buffering in :meth:`file.readlines` and
:ref:`bltin-file-objects` (``for line in sys.stdin``) which is not influenced
by this option. To work around this, you will want to use
:meth:`file.readline` inside a ``while 1:`` loop.
See also :envvar:`PYTHONUNBUFFERED`.
.. cmdoption:: -v
Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice
(:option:`!-vv`), print a message for each file that is checked for when
searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit.
See also :envvar:`PYTHONVERBOSE`.
.. cmdoption:: -W arg
Warning control. Python's warning machinery by default prints warning
messages to :data:`sys.stderr`. A typical warning message has the following
form::
file:line: category: message
By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it
occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
Multiple :option:`-W` options may be given; when a warning matches more than
one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid
:option:`-W` options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about
invalid options when the first warning is issued).
Starting from Python 2.7, :exc:`DeprecationWarning` and its descendants
are ignored by default. The :option:`!-Wd` option can be used to re-enable
them.
Warnings can also be controlled from within a Python program using the
:mod:`warnings` module.
The simplest form of argument is one of the following action strings (or a
unique abbreviation) by themselves:
``ignore``
Ignore all warnings.
``default``
Explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once per
source line).
``all``
Print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a
warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source line, such as inside a
loop).
``module``
Print each warning only the first time it occurs in each module.
``once``
Print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program.
``error``
Raise an exception instead of printing a warning message.
The full form of argument is::
action:message:category:module:line
Here, *action* is as explained above but only applies to messages that match
the remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields
may be omitted. The *message* field matches the start of the warning message
printed; this match is case-insensitive. The *category* field matches the
warning category. This must be a class name; the match tests whether the
actual warning category of the message is a subclass of the specified warning
category. The full class name must be given. The *module* field matches the
(fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive. The *line*
field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is
thus equivalent to an omitted line number.
.. seealso::
:mod:`warnings` -- the warnings module
:pep:`230` -- Warning framework
:envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS`
.. cmdoption:: -x
Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of
``#!cmd``. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.
.. cmdoption:: -3
Warn about Python 3.x possible incompatibilities by emitting a
:exc:`DeprecationWarning` for features that are removed or significantly
changed in Python 3 and can't be detected using static code analysis.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
See :doc:`/howto/pyporting` for more details.
Options you shouldn't use
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. cmdoption:: -J
Reserved for use by Jython_.
.. _Jython: http://www.jython.org/
.. cmdoption:: -U
Turns all string literals into unicodes globally. Do not be tempted to use
this option as it will probably break your world. It also produces
``.pyc`` files with a different magic number than normal. Instead, you can
enable unicode literals on a per-module basis by using::
from __future__ import unicode_literals
at the top of the file. See :mod:`__future__` for details.
.. cmdoption:: -X
Reserved for alternative implementations of Python to use for their own
purposes.
.. _using-on-envvars:
Environment variables
---------------------
These environment variables influence Python's behavior, they are processed
before the command-line switches other than -E. It is customary that
command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a
conflict.
.. envvar:: PYTHONHOME
Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the
libraries are searched in :file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}` and
:file:`{exec_prefix}/lib/python{version}`, where :file:`{prefix}` and
:file:`{exec_prefix}` are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting
to :file:`/usr/local`.
When :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is set to a single directory, its value replaces
both :file:`{prefix}` and :file:`{exec_prefix}`. To specify different values
for these, set :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` to :file:`{prefix}:{exec_prefix}`.
.. envvar:: PYTHONPATH
Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as
the shell's :envvar:`PATH`: one or more directory pathnames separated by
:data:`os.pathsep` (e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows).
Non-existent directories are silently ignored.
In addition to normal directories, individual :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` entries
may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or
compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.
The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with
:file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}` (see :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` above). It
is *always* appended to :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`.
An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of
:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` as described above under
:ref:`using-on-interface-options`. The search path can be manipulated from
within a Python program as the variable :data:`sys.path`.
.. envvar:: PYTHONSTARTUP
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are
executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file
is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so
that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in
the interactive session. You can also change the prompts :data:`sys.ps1` and
:data:`sys.ps2` in this file.
.. envvar:: PYTHONY2K
Set this to a non-empty string to cause the :mod:`time` module to require
dates specified as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise 2-digit years
are converted based on rules described in the :mod:`time` module
documentation.
.. envvar:: PYTHONOPTIMIZE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
:option:`-O` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
:option:`-O` multiple times.
.. envvar:: PYTHONDEBUG
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
:option:`-d` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
:option:`-d` multiple times.
.. envvar:: PYTHONINSPECT
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
:option:`-i` option.
This variable can also be modified by Python code using :data:`os.environ`
to force inspect mode on program termination.
.. envvar:: PYTHONUNBUFFERED
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
:option:`-u` option.
.. envvar:: PYTHONVERBOSE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
:option:`-v` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
:option:`-v` multiple times.
.. envvar:: PYTHONCASEOK
If this is set, Python ignores case in :keyword:`import` statements. This
only works on Windows, OS X, OS/2, and RiscOS.
.. envvar:: PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
If this is set, Python won't try to write ``.pyc`` or ``.pyo`` files on the
import of source modules. This is equivalent to specifying the :option:`-B`
option.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. envvar:: PYTHONHASHSEED
If this variable is set to ``random``, the effect is the same as specifying
the :option:`-R` option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str,
bytes and datetime objects.
If :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` is set to an integer value, it is used as a
fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash
randomization.
Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
values.
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295].
Specifying the value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash
randomization is disabled.
.. versionadded:: 2.6.8
.. envvar:: PYTHONIOENCODING
Overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax
``encodingname:errorhandler``. The ``:errorhandler`` part is optional and
has the same meaning as in :func:`str.encode`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. envvar:: PYTHONNOUSERSITE
If this is set, Python won't add the :data:`user site-packages directory
<site.USER_SITE>` to :data:`sys.path`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. seealso::
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
.. envvar:: PYTHONUSERBASE
Defines the :data:`user base directory <site.USER_BASE>`, which is used to
compute the path of the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>`
and :ref:`Distutils installation paths <inst-alt-install-user>` for ``python
setup.py install --user``.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. seealso::
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
.. envvar:: PYTHONEXECUTABLE
If this environment variable is set, ``sys.argv[0]`` will be set to its
value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on
Mac OS X.
.. envvar:: PYTHONWARNINGS
This is equivalent to the :option:`-W` option. If set to a comma
separated string, it is equivalent to specifying :option:`-W` multiple
times.
.. envvar:: PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY
If this environment variable is set specifically to ``0``, then it is
equivalent to implicitly calling :func:`ssl._https_verify_certificates` with
``enable=False`` when :mod:`ssl` is first imported.
Refer to the documentation of :func:`ssl._https_verify_certificates` for
details.
.. versionadded:: 2.7.12
Debug-mode variables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is,
if Python was configured with the ``--with-pydebug`` build option.
.. envvar:: PYTHONTHREADDEBUG
If set, Python will print threading debug info.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
Previously, this variable was called ``THREADDEBUG``.
.. envvar:: PYTHONDUMPREFS
If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after
shutting down the interpreter.
.. envvar:: PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
If set, Python will print memory allocation statistics every time a new
object arena is created, and on shutdown.
.. envvar:: PYTHONSHOWALLOCCOUNT
If set and Python was compiled with ``COUNT_ALLOCS`` defined, Python will
dump allocations counts into stderr on shutdown.
.. versionadded:: 2.7.15
.. envvar:: PYTHONSHOWREFCOUNT
If set, Python will print the total reference count when the program
finishes or after each statement in the interactive interpreter.
.. versionadded:: 2.7.15

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.. _using-index:
##########################
Python Setup and Usage
##########################
This part of the documentation is devoted to general information on the setup
of the Python environment on different platforms, the invocation of the
interpreter and things that make working with Python easier.
.. toctree::
:numbered:
cmdline.rst
unix.rst
windows.rst
mac.rst

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.. _using-on-mac:
***************************
Using Python on a Macintosh
***************************
:Author: Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>
Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python on
any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as
the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
The Mac-specific modules are documented in :ref:`mac-specific-services`.
Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on Unix or
Windows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that platform is no longer
supported, starting with Python 2.4. See http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython for
installers for the latest 2.3 release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.
.. _getting-osx:
Getting and Installing MacPython
================================
Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, you
are invited to install the most recent version of Python from the Python website
(https://www.python.org). A current "universal binary" build of Python, which
runs natively on the Mac's new Intel and legacy PPC CPU's, is available there.
What you get after installing is a number of things:
* A :file:`MacPython 2.7` folder in your :file:`Applications` folder. In here
you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official
Python distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python
scripts from the Finder; and the "Build Applet" tool, which allows you to
package Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.
* A framework :file:`/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework`, which includes the
Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell
path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. A
symlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.
The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
:file:`/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework` and :file:`/usr/bin/python`,
respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that
if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have
two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will
be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.
IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you
are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction
in that document.
If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read the
section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.
How to run a Python script
--------------------------
Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLE
integrated development environment, see section :ref:`ide` and use the Help menu
when the IDE is running.
If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from
the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with a
number of standard Unix command line editors, :program:`vim` and
:program:`emacs` among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
:program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is
:program:`TextMate` (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors include
:program:`Gvim` (http://macvim.org) and :program:`Aquamacs`
(http://aquamacs.org/).
To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
:file:`/usr/local/bin` is in your shell search path.
To run your script from the Finder you have two options:
* Drag it to :program:`PythonLauncher`
* Select :program:`PythonLauncher` as the default application to open your
script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.
:program:`PythonLauncher` has various preferences to control how your script is
launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use
its Preferences menu to change things globally.
.. _osx-gui-scripts:
Running scripts with a GUI
--------------------------
With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to be
aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,
anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use :program:`pythonw`
instead of :program:`python` to start such scripts.
With Python 2.7, you can use either :program:`python` or :program:`pythonw`.
Configuration
-------------
Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
:envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, but setting these variables for programs started from the
Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your :file:`.profile` or
:file:`.cshrc` at startup. You need to create a file
:file:`~/.MacOSX/environment.plist`. See Apple's Technical Document QA1067 for
details.
For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see section
:ref:`mac-package-manager`.
.. _ide:
The IDE
=======
MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
https://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html.
.. _mac-package-manager:
Installing Additional Python Packages
=====================================
There are several methods to install additional Python packages:
* Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (``python
setup.py install``).
* Many packages can also be installed via the :program:`setuptools` extension
or :program:`pip` wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.
GUI Programming on the Mac
==========================
There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.
*PyObjC* is a Python binding to Apple's Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is
the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is
available from https://pythonhosted.org/pyobjc/.
The standard Python GUI toolkit is :mod:`Tkinter`, based on the cross-platform
Tk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
*wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.
*PyQt* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on Mac
OS X. More information can be found at
https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.
Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
===========================================
The "Build Applet" tool that is placed in the MacPython 2.7 folder is fine for
packaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Mac
application. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Python
applications to other users.
The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac is
:program:`py2app`. More information on installing and using py2app can be found
at http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.
Other Resources
===============
The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and
developers on the Mac:
https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/
Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:
https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython

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.. highlightlang:: sh
.. _using-on-unix:
********************************
Using Python on Unix platforms
********************************
.. sectionauthor:: Shriphani Palakodety
Getting and installing the latest version of Python
===================================================
On Linux
--------
Python comes preinstalled on most Linux distributions, and is available as a
package on all others. However there are certain features you might want to use
that are not available on your distro's package. You can easily compile the
latest version of Python from source.
In the event that Python doesn't come preinstalled and isn't in the repositories as
well, you can easily make packages for your own distro. Have a look at the
following links:
.. seealso::
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html
for Debian users
https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging
for OpenSuse users
https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html
for Fedora users
http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html
for Slackware users
On FreeBSD and OpenBSD
----------------------
* FreeBSD users, to add the package use::
pkg install python3
* OpenBSD users, to add the package use::
pkg_add -r python
pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/<insert your architecture here>/python-<version>.tgz
For example i386 users get the 2.5.1 version of Python using::
pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz
On OpenSolaris
--------------
You can get Python from `OpenCSW <https://www.opencsw.org/>`_. Various versions
of Python are available and can be installed with e.g. ``pkgutil -i python27``.
.. _building-python-on-unix:
Building Python
===============
If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the
`source <https://www.python.org/downloads/source/>`_. You can download either the
latest release's source or just grab a fresh `clone
<https://docs.python.org/devguide/setup.html#getting-the-source-code>`_. (If you want
to contribute patches, you will need a clone.)
The build process consists in the usual ::
./configure
make
make install
invocations. Configuration options and caveats for specific Unix platforms are
extensively documented in the :source:`README` file in the root of the Python
source tree.
.. warning::
``make install`` can overwrite or masquerade the :file:`python` binary.
``make altinstall`` is therefore recommended instead of ``make install``
since it only installs :file:`{exec_prefix}/bin/python{version}`.
Python-related paths and files
==============================
These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions;
:envvar:`prefix` (``${prefix}``) and :envvar:`exec_prefix` (``${exec_prefix}``)
are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they
may be the same.
For example, on most Linux systems, the default for both is :file:`/usr`.
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| File/directory | Meaning |
+===============================================+==========================================+
| :file:`{exec_prefix}/bin/python` | Recommended location of the interpreter. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| :file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}`, | Recommended locations of the directories |
| :file:`{exec_prefix}/lib/python{version}` | containing the standard modules. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| :file:`{prefix}/include/python{version}`, | Recommended locations of the directories |
| :file:`{exec_prefix}/include/python{version}` | containing the include files needed for |
| | developing Python extensions and |
| | embedding the interpreter. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| :file:`~/.pythonrc.py` | User-specific initialization file loaded |
| | by the user module; not used by default |
| | or by most applications. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
Miscellaneous
=============
To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable,
e.g. with ::
$ chmod +x script
and put an appropriate Shebang line at the top of the script. A good choice is
usually ::
#!/usr/bin/env python
which searches for the Python interpreter in the whole :envvar:`PATH`. However,
some Unices may not have the :program:`env` command, so you may need to hardcode
``/usr/bin/python`` as the interpreter path.
To use shell commands in your Python scripts, look at the :mod:`subprocess` module.
Editors and IDEs
================
There are a number of IDEs that support Python programming language.
Many editors and IDEs provide syntax highlighting, debugging tools, and :pep:`8` checks.
Please go to `Python Editors <https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors>`_ and
`Integrated Development Environments <https://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments>`_
for a comprehensive list.

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.. highlightlang:: none
.. _using-on-windows:
*************************
Using Python on Windows
*************************
.. sectionauthor:: Robert Lehmann <lehmannro@gmail.com>
This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour you should
know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows.
Installing Python
=================
Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not require Python natively
and thus does not pre-install a version of Python. However, the CPython team
has compiled Windows installers (MSI packages) with every `release
<https://www.python.org/download/releases/>`_ for many years.
With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be supported
earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers).
Check :pep:`11` for details on all unsupported platforms.
* DOS and Windows 3.x are deprecated since Python 2.0 and code specific to these
systems was removed in Python 2.1.
* Up to 2.5, Python was still compatible with Windows 95, 98 and ME (but already
raised a deprecation warning on installation). For Python 2.6 (and all
following releases), this support was dropped and new releases are just
expected to work on the Windows NT family.
* `Windows CE <http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/>`_ is still supported.
* The `Cygwin <https://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
interpreter as well (cf. `Cygwin package source
<ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/
release/python>`_, `Maintainer releases
<http://www.tishler.net/jason/software/python/>`_)
See `Python for Windows (and DOS) <https://www.python.org/download/windows/>`_
for detailed information about platforms with precompiled installers.
.. seealso::
`Python on XP <http://dooling.com/index.php/2006/03/14/python-on-xp-7-minutes-to-hello-world/>`_
"7 Minutes to "Hello World!""
by Richard Dooling, 2006
`Installing on Windows <http://www.diveintopython.net/installing_python/windows.html>`_
in "`Dive into Python: Python from novice to pro
<http://www.diveintopython.net/>`_"
by Mark Pilgrim, 2004,
ISBN 1-59059-356-1
`For Windows users <http://python.swaroopch.com/installation.html#installation-on-windows>`_
in "Installing Python"
in "`A Byte of Python <http://python.swaroopch.com/>`_"
by Swaroop C H, 2003
Alternative bundles
===================
Besides the standard CPython distribution, there are modified packages including
additional functionality. The following is a list of popular versions and their
key features:
`ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/activepython/>`_
Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32
`Enthought Python Distribution <https://www.enthought.com/products/epd/>`_
Popular modules (such as PyWin32) with their respective documentation, tool
suite for building extensible Python applications
Notice that these packages are likely to install *older* versions of Python.
Configuring Python
==================
In order to run Python flawlessly, you might have to change certain environment
settings in Windows.
.. _setting-envvars:
Excursus: Setting environment variables
---------------------------------------
Windows has a built-in dialog for changing environment variables (following
guide applies to XP classical view): Right-click the icon for your machine
(usually located on your Desktop and called "My Computer") and choose
:menuselection:`Properties` there. Then, open the :guilabel:`Advanced` tab
and click the :guilabel:`Environment Variables` button.
In short, your path is:
:menuselection:`My Computer
--> Properties
--> Advanced
--> Environment Variables`
In this dialog, you can add or modify User and System variables. To change
System variables, you need non-restricted access to your machine
(i.e. Administrator rights).
Another way of adding variables to your environment is using the :command:`set`
command::
set PYTHONPATH=%PYTHONPATH%;C:\My_python_lib
To make this setting permanent, you could add the corresponding command line to
your :file:`autoexec.bat`. :program:`msconfig` is a graphical interface to this
file.
Viewing environment variables can also be done more straight-forward: The
command prompt will expand strings wrapped into percent signs automatically::
echo %PATH%
Consult :command:`set /?` for details on this behaviour.
.. seealso::
https://support.microsoft.com/kb/100843
Environment variables in Windows NT
https://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519
How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP
https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
Setting Environment variables, Louis J. Farrugia
Finding the Python executable
-----------------------------
Besides using the automatically created start menu entry for the Python
interpreter, you might want to start Python in the DOS prompt. To make this
work, you need to set your :envvar:`%PATH%` environment variable to include the
directory of your Python distribution, delimited by a semicolon from other
entries. An example variable could look like this (assuming the first two
entries are Windows' default)::
C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Python25
Typing :command:`python` on your command prompt will now fire up the Python
interpreter. Thus, you can also execute your scripts with command line options,
see :ref:`using-on-cmdline` documentation.
Finding modules
---------------
Python usually stores its library (and thereby your site-packages folder) in the
installation directory. So, if you had installed Python to
:file:`C:\\Python\\`, the default library would reside in
:file:`C:\\Python\\Lib\\` and third-party modules should be stored in
:file:`C:\\Python\\Lib\\site-packages\\`.
This is how :data:`sys.path` is populated on Windows:
* An empty entry is added at the start, which corresponds to the current
directory.
* If the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` exists, as described in
:ref:`using-on-envvars`, its entries are added next. Note that on Windows,
paths in this variable must be separated by semicolons, to distinguish them
from the colon used in drive identifiers (``C:\`` etc.).
* Additional "application paths" can be added in the registry as subkeys of
:samp:`\\SOFTWARE\\Python\\PythonCore\\{version}\\PythonPath` under both the
``HKEY_CURRENT_USER`` and ``HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE`` hives. Subkeys which have
semicolon-delimited path strings as their default value will cause each path
to be added to :data:`sys.path`. (Note that all known installers only use
HKLM, so HKCU is typically empty.)
* If the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is set, it is assumed as
"Python Home". Otherwise, the path of the main Python executable is used to
locate a "landmark file" (``Lib\os.py``) to deduce the "Python Home". If a
Python home is found, the relevant sub-directories added to :data:`sys.path`
(``Lib``, ``plat-win``, etc) are based on that folder. Otherwise, the core
Python path is constructed from the PythonPath stored in the registry.
* If the Python Home cannot be located, no :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is specified in
the environment, and no registry entries can be found, a default path with
relative entries is used (e.g. ``.\Lib;.\plat-win``, etc).
The end result of all this is:
* When running :file:`python.exe`, or any other .exe in the main Python
directory (either an installed version, or directly from the PCbuild
directory), the core path is deduced, and the core paths in the registry are
ignored. Other "application paths" in the registry are always read.
* When Python is hosted in another .exe (different directory, embedded via COM,
etc), the "Python Home" will not be deduced, so the core path from the
registry is used. Other "application paths" in the registry are always read.
* If Python can't find its home and there is no registry (eg, frozen .exe, some
very strange installation setup) you get a path with some default, but
relative, paths.
Executing scripts
-----------------
Python scripts (files with the extension ``.py``) will be executed by
:program:`python.exe` by default. This executable opens a terminal, which stays
open even if the program uses a GUI. If you do not want this to happen, use the
extension ``.pyw`` which will cause the script to be executed by
:program:`pythonw.exe` by default (both executables are located in the top-level
of your Python installation directory). This suppresses the terminal window on
startup.
You can also make all ``.py`` scripts execute with :program:`pythonw.exe`,
setting this through the usual facilities, for example (might require
administrative rights):
#. Launch a command prompt.
#. Associate the correct file group with ``.py`` scripts::
assoc .py=Python.File
#. Redirect all Python files to the new executable::
ftype Python.File=C:\Path\to\pythonw.exe "%1" %*
Additional modules
==================
Even though Python aims to be portable among all platforms, there are features
that are unique to Windows. A couple of modules, both in the standard library
and external, and snippets exist to use these features.
The Windows-specific standard modules are documented in
:ref:`mswin-specific-services`.
PyWin32
-------
The `PyWin32 <https://pypi.org/project/pywin32>`_ module by Mark Hammond
is a collection of modules for advanced Windows-specific support. This includes
utilities for:
* `Component Object Model <https://www.microsoft.com/com/>`_ (COM)
* Win32 API calls
* Registry
* Event log
* `Microsoft Foundation Classes <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fe1cf721%28VS.80%29.aspx>`_ (MFC)
user interfaces
`PythonWin <https://web.archive.org/web/20060524042422/
https://www.python.org/windows/pythonwin/>`_ is a sample MFC application
shipped with PyWin32. It is an embeddable IDE with a built-in debugger.
.. seealso::
`Win32 How Do I...? <http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i.html>`_
by Tim Golden
`Python and COM <http://www.boddie.org.uk/python/COM.html>`_
by David and Paul Boddie
Py2exe
------
`Py2exe <http://www.py2exe.org/>`_ is a :mod:`distutils` extension (see
:ref:`extending-distutils`) which wraps Python scripts into executable Windows
programs (:file:`{*}.exe` files). When you have done this, you can distribute
your application without requiring your users to install Python.
WConio
------
Since Python's advanced terminal handling layer, :mod:`curses`, is restricted to
Unix-like systems, there is a library exclusive to Windows as well: Windows
Console I/O for Python.
`WConio <http://newcenturycomputers.net/projects/wconio.html>`_ is a wrapper for
Turbo-C's :file:`CONIO.H`, used to create text user interfaces.
Compiling Python on Windows
===========================
If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the
`source <https://www.python.org/downloads/source/>`_. You can download either the
latest release's source or just grab a fresh `checkout
<https://docs.python.org/devguide/setup.html#getting-the-source-code>`_.
For Microsoft Visual C++, which is the compiler with which official Python
releases are built, the source tree contains solutions/project files. View the
:file:`readme.txt` in their respective directories:
+--------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| Directory | MSVC version | Visual Studio version |
+====================+==============+=======================+
| :file:`PC/VC6/` | 6.0 | 97 |
+--------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| :file:`PC/VS7.1/` | 7.1 | 2003 |
+--------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| :file:`PC/VS8.0/` | 8.0 | 2005 |
+--------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| :file:`PCbuild/` | 9.0 | 2008 |
+--------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
Note that not all of these build directories are fully supported. Read the
release notes to see which compiler version the official releases for your
version are built with.
Check :file:`PC/readme.txt` for general information on the build process.
For extension modules, consult :ref:`building-on-windows`.
.. seealso::
`Python + Windows + distutils + SWIG + gcc MinGW <http://sebsauvage.net/python/mingw.html>`_
or "Creating Python extensions in C/C++ with SWIG and compiling them with
MinGW gcc under Windows" or "Installing Python extension with distutils
and without Microsoft Visual C++" by Sébastien Sauvage, 2003
`MingW -- Python extensions <http://oldwiki.mingw.org/index.php/Python%20extensions>`_
by Trent Apted et al, 2007
Other resources
===============
.. seealso::
`Python Programming On Win32 <http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781565926219.do>`_
"Help for Windows Programmers"
by Mark Hammond and Andy Robinson, O'Reilly Media, 2000,
ISBN 1-56592-621-8
`A Python for Windows Tutorial <http://www.imladris.com/Scripts/PythonForWindows.html>`_
by Amanda Birmingham, 2004