diff --git a/c32ncp.c b/c32ncp.c
index 2b22a9b..8e99795 100644
--- a/c32ncp.c
+++ b/c32ncp.c
@@ -26,12 +26,30 @@
 #include "c32ncp.h"
 
 /* c32ncp.c - namespace/file-system NCP API helpers for mars-dosutils */
+
+/*
+ * c32_put_word_lh
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Writes a 16-bit little-endian value into a request buffer.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   This file will later become ncpapi.c.  These local helpers remain here
+ *   for now so the NCP API wrappers keep their packet construction isolated
+ *   from the more general tools.c helpers.
+ */
 static void c32_put_word_lh(uint8 *p, uint16 v)
 {
   p[0] = (uint8)(v & 0xff);
   p[1] = (uint8)((v >> 8) & 0xff);
 }
 
+/*
+ * c32_put_dword_lh
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Writes a 32-bit little-endian value into a request buffer.
+ */
 static void c32_put_dword_lh(uint8 *p, uint32 v)
 {
   p[0] = (uint8)(v & 0xff);
@@ -40,6 +58,16 @@ static void c32_put_dword_lh(uint8 *p, uint32 v)
   p[3] = (uint8)((v >> 24) & 0xff);
 }
 
+/*
+ * c32_put_dword_hl
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Writes a 32-bit high-low value into a request buffer.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   Some older file and trustee NCPs use high-low object ids or offsets even
+ *   when the surrounding NCP87 fields are little-endian.
+ */
 static void c32_put_dword_hl(uint8 *p, uint32 v)
 {
   p[0] = (uint8)((v >> 24) & 0xff);
@@ -48,11 +76,23 @@ static void c32_put_dword_hl(uint8 *p, uint32 v)
   p[3] = (uint8)(v & 0xff);
 }
 
+/*
+ * c32_get_word_lh
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads a 16-bit little-endian value from a reply buffer.
+ */
 static uint16 c32_get_word_lh(uint8 *p)
 {
   return((uint16)(p[0] | ((uint16)p[1] << 8)));
 }
 
+/*
+ * c32_get_dword_lh
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads a 32-bit little-endian value from a reply buffer.
+ */
 static uint32 c32_get_dword_lh(uint8 *p)
 {
   return((uint32)p[0] |
@@ -61,6 +101,12 @@ static uint32 c32_get_dword_lh(uint8 *p)
          ((uint32)p[3] << 24));
 }
 
+/*
+ * c32_get_dword_hl
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads a 32-bit high-low value from a reply buffer.
+ */
 static uint32 c32_get_dword_hl(uint8 *p)
 {
   return(((uint32)p[0] << 24) |
@@ -69,6 +115,20 @@ static uint32 c32_get_dword_hl(uint8 *p)
          (uint32)p[3]);
 }
 
+/*
+ * c32_build_handle_path
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Builds the Client32-compatible NWHandlePathStruct used by NCP87 request
+ *   wrappers when the caller already has one to three path components.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *   dhandle/dirbase/style describe the starting directory context.  c1..c3
+ *   are written as length-prefixed path components.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   Number of bytes used by the path structure.
+ */
 static UI c32_build_handle_path(uint8 *buf, uint8 dhandle,
                                 uint16 dirbase, uint8 style,
                                 int count,
@@ -138,6 +198,17 @@ static UI c32_build_handle_path(uint8 *buf, uint8 dhandle,
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * c32_build_handle_path_from_dos_path
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Converts a DOS-style path string into the Client32-compatible
+ *   NWHandlePathStruct used by the NCP87 wrappers.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   Drive prefixes, leading slashes and simple current-directory components
+ *   are skipped so tool callers can pass ordinary DOS paths.
+ */
 static UI c32_build_handle_path_from_dos_path(uint8 *buf, uint8 dhandle,
                                               uint16 dirbase, uint8 style,
                                               const char *dospath)
@@ -226,6 +297,20 @@ static UI c32_build_handle_path_from_dos_path(uint8 *buf, uint8 dhandle,
  * shape.  It is intentionally kept small and isolated here so FLAG and later
  * tools do not carry the old exploratory tests.
  */
+/*
+ * c32_get_ncp_handle
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Resolves the active MARS/NetWare connection into the Client32 NCP handle
+ *   used by the Raw5 requester probe.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   C32_MapVar_Probe followed by C32_OpenRef_Probe.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   0 on success.  Non-zero values indicate that the connection reference or
+ *   Client32 NCP handle could not be obtained.
+ */
 int c32_get_ncp_handle(uint16 *handle_lo, uint16 *handle_hi)
 {
   uint8 mapout[32];
@@ -266,6 +351,18 @@ int c32_get_ncp_handle(uint16 *handle_lo, uint16 *handle_hi)
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * c32_copy_open_reply_to_handle6
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Extracts the six-byte server file handle from an NCP87/01 Open/Create
+ *   reply fragment for later NCP74 Copy or NCP66 Close calls.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   The exact handle layout is still part of the NCOPY investigation.  This
+ *   helper keeps the extraction in one place so the code can be corrected
+ *   without touching the callers.
+ */
 static void c32_copy_open_reply_to_handle6(C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *dst,
                                             const uint8 *src)
 {
@@ -285,6 +382,24 @@ static void c32_copy_open_reply_to_handle6(C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *dst,
   memcpy(dst->h, src, 6);
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_01_open_create_entry
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Opens or creates a namespace file/directory entry and returns the server
+ *   file handle required by copy/close style NCPs.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x01, Open/Create File or Subdirectory.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   This wrapper is currently experimental for NCOPY.  Earlier tests showed
+ *   that the old INT 21h F257 path reaches MARS-NWE but does not reliably
+ *   return the open file handle to the DOS caller.
+ */
 int ncp87_01_open_create_entry(const char *path_name,
                                uint16 dir_handle,
                                uint8 open_create_mode,
@@ -385,6 +500,23 @@ int ncp87_01_open_create_entry(const char *path_name,
   return(0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp74_file_server_copy
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Copies file data server-side between two already-open NetWare file
+ *   handles.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x4a, File Server Copy.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Direct F24A Net_Call wrapper.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   Offsets and byte count are encoded high-low.  The source and destination
+ *   handles must be the six-byte server handles accepted by the file server.
+ */
 int ncp74_file_server_copy(const C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *src,
                                const C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *dst,
                                uint32 src_offset,
@@ -432,6 +564,18 @@ int ncp74_file_server_copy(const C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *src,
   return(0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp66_close_file
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Closes a NetWare server file handle returned by an open/create wrapper.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x42 / decimal 66, Close File.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Direct F242 Net_Call wrapper.
+ */
 int ncp66_close_file(const C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *handle)
 {
   struct {
@@ -459,6 +603,20 @@ int ncp66_close_file(const C32_NWFILE_HANDLE6 *handle)
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_06_obtain_rim_attributes
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads only the DOS attribute field for a directory entry using the
+ *   NCP87 return-information-mask mechanism.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x06, Obtain File or Subdirectory
+ *   Information, RIM_ATTRIBUTES.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ */
 int ncp87_06_obtain_rim_attributes(const char *name,
                                      uint16 dir_handle,
                                      uint32 *attr_out,
@@ -532,6 +690,20 @@ int ncp87_06_obtain_rim_attributes(const char *name,
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_06_obtain_ndir_info
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads the DOS namespace information block used by NDIR for Novell-style
+ *   metadata output.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x06, Obtain File or Subdirectory
+ *   Information, RIM_ALL.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ */
 int ncp87_06_obtain_ndir_info(const char *path_name,
                                uint16 dir_handle,
                                C32_NDIR_INFO *info_out,
@@ -647,6 +819,19 @@ int ncp87_06_obtain_ndir_info(const char *path_name,
 
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_07_modify_dos_info
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Writes selected DOS namespace metadata fields for a file or directory.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x07, Modify File or Subdirectory DOS
+ *   Information.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ */
 int ncp87_07_modify_dos_info(const char *name,
                               uint16 dir_handle,
                               uint32 change_mask,
@@ -755,6 +940,16 @@ int ncp87_07_modify_dos_info(const char *name,
   return(0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_07_modify_dos_attributes
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Convenience wrapper around ncp87_07_modify_dos_info() for changing only
+ *   the DOS attributes field.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x07 with DM_ATTRIBUTES.
+ */
 int ncp87_07_modify_dos_attributes(char *name,
                                     uint16 dir_handle,
                                     uint32 attrs,
@@ -779,6 +974,18 @@ int ncp87_07_modify_dos_attributes(char *name,
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_1d_get_effective_rights
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads the effective rights mask for a path.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x1d, Get Effective Rights.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request with an NWHandlePathStruct.
+ */
 int ncp87_1d_get_effective_rights(const char *path_name,
                                    uint16 dir_handle,
                                    uint16 *rights_out,
@@ -873,6 +1080,19 @@ int ncp87_1d_get_effective_rights(const char *path_name,
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_1d_get_effective_rights_by_dirent
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Reads effective rights using a volume number and DOS directory number
+ *   instead of a textual path.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x1d, Get Effective Rights.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   NDIR uses this form after obtaining directory-entry metadata.
+ */
 int ncp87_1d_get_effective_rights_by_dirent(uint8 vol_number,
                                              uint32 dos_dir_number,
                                              uint16 *rights_out,
@@ -963,6 +1183,17 @@ int ncp87_1d_get_effective_rights_by_dirent(uint8 vol_number,
 
 
 
+/*
+ * c32_build_ncp22_trustee_path
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Builds the volume-qualified path format required by old NCP22 trustee
+ *   calls from the DOS utility display/header path.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ *   This helper intentionally strips the server component and leaves a
+ *   SYS:DIR\FILE style path for directory handle 0 requests.
+ */
 static int c32_build_ncp22_trustee_path(char *out, const char *path_name, int max)
 {
   char header[300];
@@ -1000,6 +1231,19 @@ static int c32_build_ncp22_trustee_path(char *out, const char *path_name, int ma
   return(0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp22_27_set_trustee_rights
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Adds or updates a trustee assignment using the old directory services NCP
+ *   fallback path.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x16 / subfunction 0x27, Add Extended Trustee.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   E200 Net_Call wrapper with a volume-qualified path.
+ */
 int ncp22_27_set_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
                                  uint16 dir_handle,
                                  uint32 object_id,
@@ -1047,6 +1291,19 @@ int ncp22_27_set_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp22_2b_delete_trustee_rights
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Deletes a trustee assignment using the old directory services NCP
+ *   fallback path.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x16 / subfunction 0x2b, Delete Trustee.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   E200 Net_Call wrapper with a volume-qualified path.
+ */
 int ncp22_2b_delete_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
                                     uint16 dir_handle,
                                     uint32 object_id)
@@ -1092,6 +1349,18 @@ int ncp22_2b_delete_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
   return(0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_0a_add_trustee_rights
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Adds trustee rights using the namespace-aware NCP87 trustee API.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x0a, Add Trustee Set.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ */
 int ncp87_0a_add_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
                                  uint16 dir_handle,
                                  uint32 object_id,
@@ -1199,6 +1468,19 @@ int ncp87_0a_add_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
 
 
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_05_find_trustee_rights
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Scans trustee entries for a path until the requested bindery object id is
+ *   found.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x05, Scan Trustee Set.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ */
 int ncp87_05_find_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
                                   uint16 dir_handle,
                                   uint32 object_id,
@@ -1299,6 +1581,18 @@ int ncp87_05_find_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
   return(0xff);  /* no trustee found / no more entries */
 }
 
+/*
+ * ncp87_0b_delete_trustee_rights
+ *
+ * Purpose:
+ *   Deletes trustee rights using the namespace-aware NCP87 trustee API.
+ *
+ * NCP:
+ *   Function 0x57 / subfunction 0x0b, Delete Trustee Set.
+ *
+ * Requester path:
+ *   Client32 Raw5 fragment request.
+ */
 int ncp87_0b_delete_trustee_rights(const char *path_name,
                                     uint16 dir_handle,
                                     uint32 object_id,