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berkdb/docs/btree.3.ps

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+(ME).18 E F0(btree \255 btree database access method)108 96 Q F1(SYNOPSIS)72
+112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#include <sys/types.h>)108 124.8 Q(#include <db)
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+(One of the supported \214le formats is btree \214les.)5.198 F .974
+(The general description of the database access methods is in)108 177.6 R F3
+(dbopen)3.475 E F0 .975(\(3\), this manual page describes only).24 F
+(the btree speci\214c information.)108 189.6 Q(The btree data structure is a s\
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+(/data pairs.).15 E .504(The btree access method speci\214c data structure pro)
+108 223.2 R .504(vided to)-.15 F F3(dbopen)3.004 E F0 .503
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+G(1, const DBT *k).15 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(2\);).15 E 2.5(}B)108 348 S(TREEINFO;)
+121.97 348 Q(The elements of this structure are as follo)108 364.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E
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+3.796(ob).15 G 3.796(ei)466.878 410.4 S 1.296(nserted already)477.894 410.4 R
+-.15(ex)180 422.4 S 1.935(ists in the tree.).15 F 1.935(The def)6.935 F 1.935
+(ault beha)-.1 F(vior)-.2 E 4.435(,a)-.4 G 4.435(sd)358.215 422.4 S 1.935
+(escribed in)371.54 422.4 R F3(dbopen)4.435 E F0 1.935(\(3\), is to o).24 F
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 1.935(rwrite a).15 F .148(matching k)180 434.4 R .448 -.15(ey w)
+-.1 H .148(hen inserting a ne).15 F 2.649(wk)-.25 G .449 -.15(ey o)329.709
+434.4 T 2.649(rt).15 G 2.649(of)355.407 434.4 S .149(ail if the R_NOO)366.286
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+(rridden by the R_NOO).15 F(VER)-.5 E 3.471(WRITE \215ag, and if the)-.55 F
+(R_NOO)180 458.4 Q(VER)-.5 E .781
+(WRITE \215ag is speci\214ed, attempts to insert duplicate k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1
+G 3.282(si).15 G .782(nto the tree will)474.604 458.4 R -.1(fa)180 470.4 S(il.)
+.1 E 1.13(If the database contains duplicate k)180 487.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.129
+(s, the order of retrie).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.629(lo).25 G 3.629(fk)439.644
+487.2 S -.15(ey)451.503 487.2 S 1.129(/data pairs is unde-).15 F .837
+(\214ned if the)180 499.2 R F3 -.1(ge)3.337 G(t).1 E F0 .837
+(routine is used, ho)3.337 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F3(seq)3.737
+E F0 .838(routine calls with the R_CURSOR \215ag set)3.337 F(will al)180 511.2
+Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys return the logical `).1 E(`\214rst')-.74 E 2.5('o)-.74 G 2.5
+(fa)333.85 511.2 S .3 -.15(ny g)344.12 511.2 T(roup of duplicate k).15 E -.15
+(ey)-.1 G(s.).15 E(cachesize)108 528 Q 3.056(As)144 540 S .556
+(uggested maximum size \(in bytes\) of the memory cache.)158.166 540 R .555
+(This v)5.556 F .555(alue is)-.25 F F2(only)3.055 E F0(advisory)3.055 E 3.055
+(,a)-.65 G .555(nd the)514.725 540 R .759
+(access method will allocate more memory rather than f)144 552 R 3.259
+(ail. Since)-.1 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)3.259 H .76(ry search e).25 F .76
+(xamines the root)-.15 F .055
+(page of the tree, caching the most recently used pages substantially impro)144
+564 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.554(sa).15 G .054(ccess time.)459.578 564 R .054
+(In addi-)5.054 F .661(tion, ph)144 576 R .662(ysical writes are delayed as lo\
+ng as possible, so a moderate cache can reduce the number)-.05 F .601
+(of I/O operations signi\214cantly)144 588 R 5.601(.O)-.65 G -.15(bv)280.744
+588 S(iously).15 E 3.101(,u)-.65 G .601(sing a cache increases \(b)324.995 588
+R .6(ut only increases\) the lik)-.2 F(eli-)-.1 E .19(hood of corruption or lo\
+st data if the system crashes while a tree is being modi\214ed.)144 600 R(If)
+5.191 E F3(cac)2.691 E(hesize)-.15 E F0(is)2.691 E 2.5(0\()144 612 S
+(no size is speci\214ed\) a def)154.83 612 Q(ault cache is used.)-.1 E 12.95
+(psize P)108 628.8 R .45
+(age size is the size \(in bytes\) of the pages used for nodes in the tree.)
+-.15 F .449(The minimum page size is)5.449 F .442
+(512 bytes and the maximum page size is 64K.)144 640.8 R(If)5.442 E F3(psize)
+2.942 E F0 .442(is 0 \(no page size is speci\214ed\) a page size)2.942 F
+(is chosen based on the underlying \214le system I/O block size.)144 652.8 Q
+9.62(lorder The)108 669.6 R 1.597(byte order for inte)4.097 F 1.596
+(gers in the stored database metadata.)-.15 F 1.596
+(The number should represent the)6.596 F .688(order as an inte)144 681.6 R .689
+(ger; for e)-.15 F .689(xample, big endian order w)-.15 F .689
+(ould be the number 4,321.)-.1 F(If)5.689 E F3(lor)3.189 E(der)-.37 E F0 .689
+(is 0 \(no)3.189 F(order is speci\214ed\) the current host order is used.)144
+693.6 Q 174.135(4.4BSD June)72 732 R(4, 1993)2.5 E(1)535 732 Q EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 132.34(BTREE\(3\) BSD)72 48 R(Programmer')2.5 E 2.5(sM)
+-.55 G 132.34(anual BTREE\(3\))340.17 48 R(mink)108 84 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(page).15
+E 1.423(The minimum number of k)144 96 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.923(sw).15 G 1.422
+(hich will be stored on an)282.245 96 R 3.922(ys)-.15 G 1.422(ingle page.)
+400.618 96 R 1.422(This v)6.422 F 1.422(alue is used to)-.25 F .257
+(determine which k)144 108 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.757(sw).15 G .257
+(ill be stored on o)242.001 108 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.757(wp)-.25 G
+.257(ages, i.e. if a k)348.006 108 R .558 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.758(rd).15 G .258
+(ata item is longer than the)435.11 108 R 1.102(pagesize di)144 120 R 1.102
+(vided by the mink)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.102(page v).15 F 1.102
+(alue, it will be stored on o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 3.602(wp)-.25
+G 1.102(ages instead of in the)451.164 120 R(page itself.)144 132 Q(If)5 E/F1
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mink)2.5 E -.3(ey)-.1 G(pa).3 E -.1(ge)-.1 G F0
+(is 0 \(no minimum number of k)2.6 E -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G 2.5(ss)392.84
+132 S(peci\214ed\) a v)403.12 132 Q(alue of 2 is used.)-.25 E(compare)108 148.8
+Q .751(Compare is the k)144 160.8 R 1.051 -.15(ey c)-.1 H .751
+(omparison function.).15 F .751(It must return an inte)5.751 F .752
+(ger less than, equal to, or greater)-.15 F .913(than zero if the \214rst k)144
+172.8 R 1.213 -.15(ey a)-.1 H -.18(rg).15 G .913
+(ument is considered to be respecti).18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .913
+(ly less than, equal to, or greater).15 F .352(than the second k)144 184.8 R
+.652 -.15(ey a)-.1 H -.18(rg).15 G 2.852(ument. The).18 F .353
+(same comparison function must be used on a gi)2.852 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.853(nt)
+.15 G .353(ree e)503.127 184.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E .817
+(time it is opened.)144 196.8 R(If)5.817 E F1(compar)3.317 E(e)-.37 E F0 .817
+(is NULL \(no comparison function is speci\214ed\), the k)3.317 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
+3.316(sa).15 G .816(re com-)508.364 196.8 R(pared le)144 208.8 Q(xically)-.15 E
+2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith shorter k)214.57 208.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sc).15 G
+(onsidered less than longer k)282.92 208.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(s.).15 E 10.17
+(pre\214x Pre\214x)108 225.6 R .291(is the pre\214x comparison function.)2.791
+F .292(If speci\214ed, this routine must return the number of bytes)5.291 F
+.937(of the second k)144 237.6 R 1.237 -.15(ey a)-.1 H -.18(rg).15 G .937
+(ument which are necessary to determine that it is greater than the \214rst k)
+.18 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(ar)144 249.6 Q 3.477(gument. If)-.18 F .977(the k)3.477 F
+-.15(ey)-.1 G 3.477(sa).15 G .977(re equal, the k)241.898 249.6 R 1.277 -.15
+(ey l)-.1 H .978(ength should be returned.).15 F .978
+(Note, the usefulness of this)5.978 F .558(routine is v)144 261.6 R .558
+(ery data dependent, b)-.15 F .558
+(ut, in some data sets can produce signi\214cantly reduced tree sizes)-.2 F
+.354(and search times.)144 273.6 R(If)5.354 E F1(pr)2.854 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0
+.354(is NULL \(no pre\214x function is speci\214ed\),)2.854 F/F2 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(and)2.854 E F0 .354(no comparison function)2.854 F .193
+(is speci\214ed, a def)144 285.6 R .193(ault le)-.1 F .193
+(xical comparison routine is used.)-.15 F(If)5.192 E F1(pr)2.692 E(e\214x)-.37
+E F0 .192(is NULL and a comparison rou-)2.692 F
+(tine is speci\214ed, no pre\214x comparison is done.)144 297.6 Q .79
+(If the \214le already e)108 314.4 R .79(xists \(and the O_TR)-.15 F .79
+(UNC \215ag is not speci\214ed\), the v)-.4 F .79
+(alues speci\214ed for the parameters)-.25 F
+(\215ags, lorder and psize are ignored in f)108 326.4 Q -.2(avo)-.1 G 2.5(ro).2
+G 2.5(ft)284.4 326.4 S(he v)293.01 326.4 Q(alues used when the tree w)-.25 E
+(as created.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 343.2 S(rw).15 E
+(ard sequential scans of a tree are from the least k)-.1 E .3 -.15(ey t)-.1 H
+2.5(ot).15 G(he greatest.)348.55 343.2 Q 1.043(Space freed up by deleting k)108
+360 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.043(/data pairs from the tree is ne).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+3.543(rr).15 G 1.043(eclaimed, although it is normally made)378.686 360 R -.2
+(av)108 372 S 1.394(ailable for reuse.)-.05 F 1.394
+(This means that the btree storage structure is gro)6.394 F(w-only)-.25 E 6.395
+(.T)-.65 G 1.395(he only solutions are to)441.09 372 R -.2(avo)108 384 S(id e)
+.2 E(xcessi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
+(eletions, or to create a fresh tree periodically from a scan of an e).15 E
+(xisting one.)-.15 E .344(Searches, insertions, and deletions in a btree will \
+all complete in O lg base N where base is the a)108 400.8 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .343
+(rage \214ll).15 F -.1(fa)108 412.8 S(ctor).1 E 5.798(.O)-.55 G .799
+(ften, inserting ordered data into btrees results in a lo)146.188 412.8 R 3.299
+<778c>-.25 G .799(ll f)377.505 412.8 R(actor)-.1 E 5.799(.T)-.55 G .799
+(his implementation has been)423.443 412.8 R(modi\214ed to mak)108 424.8 Q 2.5
+(eo)-.1 G(rdered insertion the best case, resulting in a much better than norm\
+al page \214ll f)185.4 424.8 Q(actor)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(SEE ALSO)72 441.6 Q F1(dbopen)108 453.6 Q F0(\(3\),).24 E F1(hash)2.5 E F0
+(\(3\),).28 E F1(mpool)2.5 E F0(\(3\),).51 E F1 -.37(re)2.5 G(cno).37 E F0
+(\(3\)).18 E F1(The Ubiquitous B-tr)108 477.6 Q(ee)-.37 E F0 2.5(,D).18 G
+(ouglas Comer)209.47 477.6 Q 2.5(,A)-.4 G(CM Comput. Surv)276.72 477.6 Q 2.5
+(.1)-.65 G(1, 2 \(June 1979\), 121-138.)360.25 477.6 Q F1(Pr)108 501.6 Q 1.588
+(e\214x B-tr)-.37 F(ees)-.37 E F0 4.088(,B).27 G 1.587(ayer and Unterauer)
+177.636 501.6 R 4.087(,A)-.4 G 1.587(CM T)270.447 501.6 R 1.587
+(ransactions on Database Systems, V)-.35 F 1.587(ol. 2, 1 \(March 1977\),)-1.29
+F(11-26.)108 513.6 Q F1(The Art of Computer Pr)108 537.6 Q -.1(og)-.45 G -.15
+(ra).1 G(mming V).15 E(ol. 3: Sorting and Sear)-1.11 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(ing).15 E
+F0 2.5(,D).22 G(.E. Knuth, 1968, pp 471-480.)382 537.6 Q F3 -.09(BU)72 554.4 S
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+108 177.6 R 1.159(The general description of the database access methods is in)
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+(describes only the recno speci\214c information.)108 189.6 Q 1.944
+(The record number data structure is either v)108 206.4 R 1.944
+(ariable or \214x)-.25 F 1.944
+(ed-length records stored in a \215at-\214le format,)-.15 F 2.04
+(accessed by the logical record number)108 218.4 R 7.04(.T)-.55 G 2.04(he e)
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+316.633 242.4 S .283(ositioned after record number one, to shift do)327.746
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+(The recno access method speci\214c data structure pro)108 271.2 R .373
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+Q(int lorder;)144 348 Q(size_t reclen;)144 360 Q(u_char b)144 372 Q -.25(va)
+-.15 G(l;).25 E(char *bfname;)144 384 Q 2.5(}R)108 396 S(ECNOINFO;)121.97 396 Q
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+(ace speci\214ed by)-.1 F F3(dbopen)4.84 E F0 4.84(,t).24 G 2.34
+(he sequential record retrie)344.98 523.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 4.84<6c8c>.25 G 2.34
+(lls in both the)478.25 523.2 R(caller')180 535.2 Q 3.556(sk)-.55 G 1.357 -.15
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+(routines)3.557 E .029(are not required to \214ll in the k)180 547.2 R .329
+-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.529(tructure. This).15 F .028(permits applications to retrie)
+2.529 F .328 -.15(ve r)-.25 H .028(ecords at).15 F
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+(nmodi\214ed records to be read from the original \214le.)245.96 600 Q
+(cachesize)108 616.8 Q 3.16(As)144 628.8 S .66
+(uggested maximum size, in bytes, of the memory cache.)158.27 628.8 R .659
+(This v)5.659 F .659(alue is)-.25 F F2(only)3.159 E F0(advisory)3.159 E 3.159
+(,a)-.65 G .659(nd the)514.621 628.8 R .046
+(access method will allocate more memory rather than f)144 640.8 R 2.546
+(ail. If)-.1 F F3(cac)2.546 E(hesize)-.15 E F0 2.546(is 0)2.546 F .046
+(\(no size is speci\214ed\) a)2.546 F(def)144 652.8 Q(ault cache is used.)-.1 E
+12.95(psize The)108 669.6 R .715
+(recno access method stores the in-memory copies of its records in a btree.)
+3.216 F .715(This v)5.715 F .715(alue is the)-.25 F .805
+(size \(in bytes\) of the pages used for nodes in that tree.)144 681.6 R(If)
+5.805 E F3(psize)3.305 E F0 .806(is 0 \(no page size is speci\214ed\) a)3.305 F
+1.468
+(page size is chosen based on the underlying \214le system I/O block size.)144
+693.6 R(See)6.467 E F3(btr)3.967 E(ee)-.37 E F0 1.467(\(3\) for more).18 F
+(4.4 Berk)72 732 Q(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yD)-.15 G(istrib)132.57 732 Q 96.815
+(ution August)-.2 F(18, 1994)2.5 E(1)535 732 Q EP
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+(lorder The)108 100.8 R 1.596(byte order for inte)4.096 F 1.596
+(gers in the stored database metadata.)-.15 F 1.597
+(The number should represent the)6.597 F .689(order as an inte)144 112.8 R .689
+(ger; for e)-.15 F .689(xample, big endian order w)-.15 F .689
+(ould be the number 4,321.)-.1 F(If)5.689 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(lor)3.189 E
+(der)-.37 E F0 .688(is 0 \(no)3.189 F
+(order is speci\214ed\) the current host order is used.)144 124.8 Q 9.07
+(reclen The)108 141.6 R(length of a \214x)2.5 E(ed-length record.)-.15 E -.15
+(bv)108 158.4 S 16.68(al The)-.1 F .182
+(delimiting byte to be used to mark the end of a record for v)2.682 F .183
+(ariable-length records, and the pad)-.25 F .809(character for \214x)144 170.4
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+(alue is speci\214ed, ne)-.25 F .809(wlines \(`)-.25 F(`\\n')-.74 E .808
+('\) are used to mark the)-.74 F(end of v)144 182.4 Q
+(ariable-length records and \214x)-.25 E
+(ed-length records are padded with spaces.)-.15 E 3.51(bfname The)108 199.2 R
+.505
+(recno access method stores the in-memory copies of its records in a btree.)
+3.005 F .506(If bfname is non-)5.506 F .065(NULL, it speci\214es the name of t\
+he btree \214le, as if speci\214ed as the \214le name for a dbopen of a btree)
+144 211.2 R(\214le.)144 223.2 Q .971(The data part of the k)108 240 R -.15(ey)
+-.1 G .972(/data pair used by the recno access method is the same as other acc\
+ess methods.).15 F .199(The k)108 252 R .499 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.699(sd).15 G(if)
+157.507 252 Q 2.699(ferent. The)-.25 F F1(data)2.699 E F0 .199
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+(hould be a pointer to a memory location of type).15 F F1 -.37(re)2.698 G
+(cno_t).37 E F0 2.698(,a).68 G(s)536.11 252 Q .505(de\214ned in the <db)108 264
+R .506(.h> include \214le.)-.4 F .506(This type is normally the lar)5.506 F
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+(\214eld of the k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(hould be the size of that type.).15
+E .706(Because there can be no meta-data associated with the underlying recno \
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+(sing the)261.548 333.6 R F1(put)2.564 E F0(interf)2.564 E .064
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+(ecord will cause the creation of)414.44 333.6 R .755(multiple, empty records \
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+(gest record currently in)-.18 F(the database.)108 357.6 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(ERR)72 374.4 Q(ORS)-.27 E F0(The)108 386.4 Q F1 -.37(re)2.922 G(cno).37 E F0
+.421(access method routines may f)2.921 F .421(ail and set)-.1 F F1(errno)2.921
+E F0 .421(for an)2.921 F 2.921(yo)-.15 G 2.921(ft)377.933 386.4 S .421
+(he errors speci\214ed for the library rou-)386.964 386.4 R(tine)108 398.4 Q F1
+(dbopen)2.5 E F0(\(3\) or the follo).24 E(wing:)-.25 E([EINV)108 415.2 Q(AL])
+-1.35 E(An attempt w)144 427.2 Q(as made to add a record to a \214x)-.1 E
+(ed-length database that w)-.15 E(as too lar)-.1 E(ge to \214t.)-.18 E F2
+(SEE ALSO)72 444 Q F1(btr)108 456 Q(ee)-.37 E F0(\(3\)).18 E F1(dbopen)2.5 E F0
+(\(3\),).24 E F1(hash)2.5 E F0(\(3\),).28 E F1(mpool)2.5 E F0(\(3\),).51 E F1
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+(Kalash, Antonin Guttman, Nadene L)108 492 Q
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